---
title: "Global Epidemiology of Diabetic Foot: Pooled Incidence and Prevalence Estimates"
id: "pubmed-42671083"
canonical_url: "https://medichelpline.com/clinical-feed/pubmed-42671083"
content_type: "clinical_feed_article"
specialty: "Pharmacology"
source_name: "PubMed / NCBI"
source_url: "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42671083/"
doi: "10.1002/dmrr.70223"
published_at: "2026-09-01T00:00:00.000Z"
evidence_level: "Journal Article"
license: "CC-BY-NC-4.0 / Informational Use"
---
# Global Epidemiology of Diabetic Foot: Pooled Incidence and Prevalence Estimates
## Provenance & Clinical Metadata
- **Canonical URL:** https://medichelpline.com/clinical-feed/pubmed-42671083
- **Specialty:** [Pharmacology](https://medichelpline.com/clinical-feed/pharmacology.md)
- **Primary Source:** PubMed / NCBI
- **Source URL:** [Original Journal Publication](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42671083/)
- **DOI:** [10.1002/dmrr.70223](https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fdmrr.70223)
- **Published At:** 2026-09-01T00:00:00.000Z
- **Evidence Rating:** Journal Article
## Executive GIST (TL;DR)
- This systematic review and meta-analysis synthesized global epidemiological evidence on **diabetic foot** (DF) disease, including ulcerations, amputations, and infections, to produce pooled incidence and prevalence estimates. - The review followed PRISMA guidelines and was registered in PROSPERO (CRD42025640944). Searches included PubMed, Embase, CINAHL Plus, and the Cochrane Library through December 21, 2024. - Included were 89 observational studies in adults (≥18 years) with diabetes: 18 prospective cohorts, 33 retrospective cohorts, and 38 cross-sectional studies, with sample sizes ranging from 92 to 29,650,811 participants. - Geographic distribution of studies: Europe (29, 32.6%), Asia (25, 28.1%), Africa (16, 18.0%), America (16, 18.0%), and Oceania (3, 3.4%). - Pooled global incidence rates among people with diabetes were: **10.93 cases/1000 person-years** for ulcerations (95% CI, 6.67–17.91), **3.58/1000 person-years** for amputations (95% CI, 1.93–6.63), and **19.11/1000 person-years** for infections (95% CI, 4.81–75.97). - Pooled global prevalence estimates were: **54.57 cases/1000 persons** for active ulcerations (95% CI, 37.63–78.52), **72.63/1000 persons** for past ulcerations (95% CI, 48.21–108.02), **14.75/1000 persons** for amputations (95% CI, 9.52–22.77), and **39.17/1000 persons** for infections (95% CI, 6.81–195.07). - Substantial heterogeneity was observed across pooled estimates (I2 > 90%). Meta-regression identified significant modifiers: **geographic region**, DF identification method, data source, study setting, age, diabetes duration, and length of follow-up. - Regional patterns: incidence and prevalence rates in **America and Africa** tended to be above the global pooled averages, while rates in **Europe, Asia, and Oceania** were generally below. - The authors highlight that DF disease is common and severe worldwide and emphasize that geographic, methodological, and data-source differences influence epidemiological estimates. - These pooled estimates and findings can inform future clinical and pharmacoepidemiological studies, intervention evaluations, and monitoring of temporal trends using large-scale data.
## Clinical Analysis & Structured Key Points
Clipboard, Search History, and several other advanced features are temporarily unavailable. [ Skip to main page content ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42671083/#article-details) ![U.S. flag](https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/coreutils/uswds/img/favicons/favicon-57.png) An official website of the United States government Here's how you know ![Dot gov](https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/coreutils/uswds/img/icon-dot-gov.svg) **The .gov means it’s official.** Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site. ![Https](https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/coreutils/uswds/img/icon-https.svg) **The site is secure.** The **https://** ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely. [ ![NIH NLM Logo](https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/coreutils/nwds/img/logos/AgencyLogo.svg) ](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/) [Log in](https://account.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?back_url=https%3A%2F%2Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2F42671083%2F) Show account info Close #### Account Logged in as: **username** * [Dashboard](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/myncbi/) * [Publications](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/myncbi/collections/bibliography/) * [Account settings](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/account/settings/) * [Log out](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/account/signout/?back_url=https%3A//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42671083/) [Access keys](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/guide/browsers/#ncbi_accesskeys) [NCBI Homepage](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov) [MyNCBI Homepage](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/myncbi/) [Main Content](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42671083/#maincontent) [Main Navigation](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42671083/) [ ![pubmed logo](https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/af7de7da-df5d-41c6-8de4-8c266af8ccfb/core/images/pubmed-logo-blue.svg) ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/) [ ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42671083/ "Show search bar") Search: [](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42671083/ "Clear search input")Search [Advanced](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/advanced/) [ Clipboard ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/clipboard/) [ User Guide ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/help/) Save Email Send to * [ Clipboard ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42671083/) * [My Bibliography](https://account.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?back_url=https%3A%2F%2Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2F42671083%2F%23open-bibliography-panel) * [Collections](https://account.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?back_url=https%3A%2F%2Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2F42671083%2F%23open-collections-panel) * [Citation manager](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42671083/) Display options Display options Format Abstract PubMed PMID ## Save citation to file Format: Summary (text) PubMed PMID Abstract (text) CSV Create file Cancel ## Email citation Email address has not been verified. Go to [ My NCBI account settings ](https://account.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/settings/) to confirm your email and then refresh this page. To: Subject: Body: Format: Summary Summary (text) Abstract Abstract (text) MeSH and other data Send email Cancel ### Add to Collections * Create a new collection * Add to an existing collection Name your collection: Name must be less than 100 characters Choose a collection: Unable to load your collection due to an error [Please try again](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42671083/) Add Cancel ### Add to My Bibliography * My Bibliography Unable to load your delegates due to an error [Please try again](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42671083/) Add Cancel ## Your saved search Name of saved search: Search terms: [Test search terms](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42671083/) Would you like email updates of new search results? Saved Search Alert Radio Buttons * Yes * No Email: ([change](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/account/settings/)) Frequency: Monthly Weekly Daily Which day? The first Sunday The first Monday The first Tuesday The first Wednesday The first Thursday The first Friday The first Saturday The first day The first weekday Which day? Sunday Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday Report format: Summary Summary (text) Abstract Abstract (text) PubMed Send at most: 1 item 5 items 10 items 20 items 50 items 100 items 200 items Send even when there aren't any new results Optional text in email: Save Cancel ## Create a file for external citation management software Create file Cancel ## Your RSS Feed Name of RSS Feed: Number of items displayed: 5 10 15 20 50 100 Create RSS Cancel RSS Link Copy ### Actions Cite Collections Add to Collections * Create a new collection * Add to an existing collection Name your collection: Name must be less than 100 characters Choose a collection: Unable to load your collection due to an error [Please try again](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42671083/) Add Cancel Permalink Permalink Copy Display options Display options Format Abstract PubMed PMID ### Page navigation * [ Title & authors ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42671083/#heading) * [ Abstract ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42671083/#abstract) * [Similar articles](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42671083/#similar) * [ References ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42671083/#references) * [ Publication types ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42671083/#publication-types) * [ MeSH terms ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42671083/#mesh-terms) * [ Grants and funding ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42671083/#grants) Title & authors Abstract Similar articles References Publication types MeSH terms Grants and funding Review Diabetes Metab Res Rev Actions * [ Search in PubMed ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Diabetes+Metab+Res+Rev%22%5Bjour%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc) * [ Search in NLM Catalog ](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nlmcatalog?term=%22Diabetes+Metab+Res+Rev%22%5BTitle+Abbreviation%5D) * [ Add to Search ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42671083/) . 2026 Sep;42(6):e70223. doi: 10.1002/dmrr.70223. # Global Epidemiology of Diabetic Foot: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis [Massimo Carollo](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Carollo+M&cauthor_id=42671083)[ 1 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42671083/#full-view-affiliation-1 "Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, University of Verona, Verona, Italy."), [Ylenia Ingrasciotta](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Ingrasciotta+Y&cauthor_id=42671083)[ 1 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42671083/#full-view-affiliation-1 "Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, University of Verona, Verona, Italy.")[ 2 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42671083/#full-view-affiliation-2 "Academic Spin-off 'Innovative Solutions for Medical Prediction and Big Data Integration in Real World Setting Srl-INSPIRE SRL', University of Messina, Messina, Italy."), [Salvatore Crisafulli](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Crisafulli+S&cauthor_id=42671083)[ 1 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42671083/#full-view-affiliation-1 "Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, University of Verona, Verona, Italy.")[ 2 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42671083/#full-view-affiliation-2 "Academic Spin-off 'Innovative Solutions for Medical Prediction and Big Data Integration in Real World Setting Srl-INSPIRE SRL', University of Messina, Messina, Italy."), [Francesco Maccarrone](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Maccarrone+F&cauthor_id=42671083)[ 1 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42671083/#full-view-affiliation-1 "Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, University of Verona, Verona, Italy."), [Daniela Pellegrino](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Pellegrino+D&cauthor_id=42671083)[ 1 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42671083/#full-view-affiliation-1 "Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, University of Verona, Verona, Italy."), [Alberto Francescon](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Francescon+A&cauthor_id=42671083)[ 1 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42671083/#full-view-affiliation-1 "Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, University of Verona, Verona, Italy."), [Edoardo Mannucci](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Mannucci+E&cauthor_id=42671083)[ 3 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42671083/#full-view-affiliation-3 "Department of Biomedical, Experimental and Clinical Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy.")[ 4 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42671083/#full-view-affiliation-4 "Fondazione Alitti O.N.L.U.S., Florence, Italy."), [Andrea Fontana](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Fontana+A&cauthor_id=42671083)[ 5 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42671083/#full-view-affiliation-5 "Unit of Biostatistics, Fondazione IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, San Giovanni Rotondo, Foggia, Italy."), [Gianluca Trifirò](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Trifir%C3%B2+G&cauthor_id=42671083)[ 1 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42671083/#full-view-affiliation-1 "Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, University of Verona, Verona, Italy.")[ 2 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42671083/#full-view-affiliation-2 "Academic Spin-off 'Innovative Solutions for Medical Prediction and Big Data Integration in Real World Setting Srl-INSPIRE SRL', University of Messina, Messina, Italy.") Affiliations Expand ### Affiliations * 1 Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, University of Verona, Verona, Italy. * 2 Academic Spin-off 'Innovative Solutions for Medical Prediction and Big Data Integration in Real World Setting Srl-INSPIRE SRL', University of Messina, Messina, Italy. * 3 Department of Biomedical, Experimental and Clinical Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy. * 4 Fondazione Alitti O.N.L.U.S., Florence, Italy. * 5 Unit of Biostatistics, Fondazione IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, San Giovanni Rotondo, Foggia, Italy. * PMID: **42671083** * DOI: [ 10.1002/dmrr.70223 ](https://doi.org/10.1002/dmrr.70223) Item in Clipboard Review # Global Epidemiology of Diabetic Foot: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Massimo Carollo et al. Diabetes Metab Res Rev. 2026 Sep. Show details Display options Display options Format Abstract PubMed PMID Diabetes Metab Res Rev Actions * [ Search in PubMed ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Diabetes+Metab+Res+Rev%22%5Bjour%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc) * [ Search in NLM Catalog ](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nlmcatalog?term=%22Diabetes+Metab+Res+Rev%22%5BTitle+Abbreviation%5D) * [ Add to Search ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42671083/) . 2026 Sep;42(6):e70223. doi: 10.1002/dmrr.70223. ### Authors [Massimo Carollo](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Carollo+M&cauthor_id=42671083)[ 1 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42671083/#short-view-affiliation-1 "Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, University of Verona, Verona, Italy."), [Ylenia Ingrasciotta](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Ingrasciotta+Y&cauthor_id=42671083)[ 1 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42671083/#short-view-affiliation-1 "Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, University of Verona, Verona, Italy.")[ 2 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42671083/#short-view-affiliation-2 "Academic Spin-off 'Innovative Solutions for Medical Prediction and Big Data Integration in Real World Setting Srl-INSPIRE SRL', University of Messina, Messina, Italy."), [Salvatore Crisafulli](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Crisafulli+S&cauthor_id=42671083)[ 1 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42671083/#short-view-affiliation-1 "Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, University of Verona, Verona, Italy.")[ 2 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42671083/#short-view-affiliation-2 "Academic Spin-off 'Innovative Solutions for Medical Prediction and Big Data Integration in Real World Setting Srl-INSPIRE SRL', University of Messina, Messina, Italy."), [Francesco Maccarrone](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Maccarrone+F&cauthor_id=42671083)[ 1 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42671083/#short-view-affiliation-1 "Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, University of Verona, Verona, Italy."), [Daniela Pellegrino](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Pellegrino+D&cauthor_id=42671083)[ 1 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42671083/#short-view-affiliation-1 "Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, University of Verona, Verona, Italy."), [Alberto Francescon](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Francescon+A&cauthor_id=42671083)[ 1 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42671083/#short-view-affiliation-1 "Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, University of Verona, Verona, Italy."), [Edoardo Mannucci](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Mannucci+E&cauthor_id=42671083)[ 3 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42671083/#short-view-affiliation-3 "Department of Biomedical, Experimental and Clinical Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy.")[ 4 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42671083/#short-view-affiliation-4 "Fondazione Alitti O.N.L.U.S., Florence, Italy."), [Andrea Fontana](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Fontana+A&cauthor_id=42671083)[ 5 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42671083/#short-view-affiliation-5 "Unit of Biostatistics, Fondazione IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, San Giovanni Rotondo, Foggia, Italy."), [Gianluca Trifirò](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Trifir%C3%B2+G&cauthor_id=42671083)[ 1 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42671083/#short-view-affiliation-1 "Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, University of Verona, Verona, Italy.")[ 2 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42671083/#short-view-affiliation-2 "Academic Spin-off 'Innovative Solutions for Medical Prediction and Big Data Integration in Real World Setting Srl-INSPIRE SRL', University of Messina, Messina, Italy.") ### Affiliations * 1 Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, University of Verona, Verona, Italy. * 2 Academic Spin-off 'Innovative Solutions for Medical Prediction and Big Data Integration in Real World Setting Srl-INSPIRE SRL', University of Messina, Messina, Italy. * 3 Department of Biomedical, Experimental and Clinical Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy. * 4 Fondazione Alitti O.N.L.U.S., Florence, Italy. * 5 Unit of Biostatistics, Fondazione IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, San Giovanni Rotondo, Foggia, Italy. * PMID: **42671083** * DOI: [ 10.1002/dmrr.70223 ](https://doi.org/10.1002/dmrr.70223) Item in Clipboard Cite Display options Display options Format Abstract PubMed PMID ## Abstract **Introduction:** Diabetic foot (DF) disease, including ulcerations, amputations, and infections, represents a major cause of morbidity and mortality in individuals with diabetes mellitus (DM). Despite their substantial clinical, social, and economic burden, robust global epidemiological estimates remain limited due to fragmented evidence and heterogeneous methodologies. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to provide reliable pooled estimates of incidence and prevalence of DF disease, to explore geographic and demographic variations, and to assess the types of data sources available for epidemiological research. **Methods:** Following PRISMA guidelines (PROSPERO registration CRD42025640944), PubMed, Embase, CINAHL Plus, and Cochrane Library were systematically searched from inception to December 21, 2024, for observational studies in adults (≥ 18 years) with DM reporting epidemiological measures of DF disease. Data extraction and quality appraisal (Joanna Briggs Institute checklists) were independently performed by four reviewers. Random-effects meta-analyses were conducted using generalised linear mixed-effects models to calculate pooled complication-specific prevalence and incidence rates among patients with diabetes. Heterogeneity among study estimates was assessed using Cochran's Q test, I2 statistic, and the between-study variance (τ2). To identify sources of heterogeneity, meta-regression analyses were performed considering study-level covariates (modifiers). **Results:** Eighty-nine studies were included (18 prospective cohorts, 33 retrospective cohorts, 38 cross-sectional), enrolling between 92 and 29,650,811 participants, with data from Europe (N = 29, 32.6%), Asia (N = 25, 28.1%), Africa (N = 16, 18.0%), America (N = 16, 18.0%), and Oceania (N = 3, 3.4%). Pooled global incidence rates were 10.93 cases/1000 person-years (95% CI, 6.67-17.91) for ulcerations, 3.58 (95% CI, 1.93-6.63) for amputations, and 19.11 (95% CI, 4.81-75.97) for infections. Pooled prevalence estimates were 54.57 cases/1000 persons (95% CI, 37.63-78.52) for active ulcerations, 72.63 (95% CI, 48.21-108.02) for past ulcerations, 14.75 (95% CI, 9.52-22.77) for amputations, and 39.17 (95% CI, 6.81-195.07) for infections. Substantial heterogeneity (I2 > 90%) was observed, with significant modifiers including geographical region, diabetic foot identification method, data source, study setting, age, diabetes duration, and length of follow-up. Rates in America and Africa were generally above the global pooled average, whereas those in Europe, Asia, and Oceania were below. **Conclusions:** Globally, DF disease is common and severe, with incidence and prevalence rates underscoring its important public health impact. Heterogeneity across studies highlighted the influence of geography, methodology, and data sources. These findings may support future clinical and pharmacoepidemiological studies that evaluate new interventions and monitor temporal trends using large-scale data. **Keywords:** diabetes mellitus; diabetic foot; epidemiology; information sources; meta‐analysis. © 2026 The Author(s). Diabetes/Metabolism Research and Reviews published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd. [PubMed Disclaimer](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disclaimer/) ## Similar articles * [ Folic acid supplementation and malaria susceptibility and severity among people taking antifolate antimalarial drugs in endemic areas. ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36321557/) Crider K, Williams J, Qi YP, Gutman J, Yeung L, Mai C, Finkelstain J, Mehta S, Pons-Duran C, Menéndez C, Moraleda C, Rogers L, Daniels K, Green P.Crider K, et al.Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2022 Feb 1;2(2022):CD014217. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD014217.Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2022.Update in: [Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2026 Feb 18;2:CD014217. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD014217.pub2.](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41705996/)PMID: 36321557Free PMC article.Updated. * [ Mortality and Morbidity Effects of Long-Term Exposure to Low-Level PM2.5, BC, NO2, and O3: An Analysis of European Cohorts in the ELAPSE Project. ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36106702/) Brunekreef B, Strak M, Chen J, Andersen ZJ, Atkinson R, Bauwelinck M, Bellander T, Boutron MC, Brandt J, Carey I, Cesaroni G, Forastiere F, Fecht D, Gulliver J, Hertel O, Hoffmann B, de Hoogh K, Houthuijs D, Hvidtfeldt U, Janssen N, Jorgensen J, Katsouyanni K, Ketzel M, Klompmaker J, Hjertager Krog N, Liu S, Ljungman P, Mehta A, Nagel G, Oftedal B, Pershagen G, Peters A, Raaschou-Nielsen O, Renzi M, Rodopoulou S, Samoli E, Schwarze P, Sigsgaard T, Stafoggia M, Vienneau D, Weinmayr G, Wolf K, Hoek G.Brunekreef B, et al.Res Rep Health Eff Inst. 2021 Sep;2021(208):1-127.Res Rep Health Eff Inst. 2021.PMID: 36106702Free PMC article. * [ Behavioral and Pharmacotherapy Weight Loss Interventions to Prevent Obesity-Related Morbidity and Mortality in Adults: An Updated Systematic Review for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force [Internet]. ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30354042/) LeBlanc EL, Patnode CD, Webber EM, Redmond N, Rushkin M, O’Connor EA.LeBlanc EL, et al.Rockville (MD): Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (US); 2018 Sep. Report No.: 18-05239-EF-1.Rockville (MD): Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (US); 2018 Sep. Report No.: 18-05239-EF-1.PMID: 30354042Free Books & Documents.Review. * [ Prevalence of anxiety and depression in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: a syste
## Related Clinical Research

- [Statin adherence in Swedish primary care: predictors from an explainable machine learning cohort](https://medichelpline.com/clinical-feed/pubmed-42366593.md) (DOI: 10.1093/ehjcvp/pvag048)
- [Site-Specific ApoA‑I Glycation Impairs HDL Function and May Promote Atherosclerosis in Diabetes](https://medichelpline.com/clinical-feed/pubmed-42639673.md) (DOI: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.125.078171)
- [Novo Nordisk outlines obesity and direct-to-consumer push, pledges five 'multi-blockbusters' by 20](https://medichelpline.com/clinical-feed/stat-news-1-stat-with-new-strategy-novo-outlines-plans-for-obesity-direct-to-consumer-work.md)
- [Trump Announces GENEROUS Medicaid Drug-Discount Model; 40 States Reportedly Signed So Far](https://medichelpline.com/clinical-feed/stat-news-0-stat-trump-touts-pharma-deals-to-offer-cheaper-drugs-to-state-medicaid-programs.md)
- [Genetic and Phenotypic Differences Across Modes of Lifetime Nicotine Use in All of Us](https://medichelpline.com/clinical-feed/medrxiv-4-phenotypic-and-genetic-characterization-of-different-modes-of-lifetime-nicotine.md)

## Navigation
- [← Back to Pharmacology Feed](https://medichelpline.com/clinical-feed/pharmacology.md)
- [← All Clinical Specialties](https://medichelpline.com/clinical-feed.md)
## Medical & Regulatory Disclaimer

> [!CAUTION]
> MedicHelpline content is structured for research, educational, and professional discovery purposes. It does not constitute individual medical advice, clinical diagnosis, or treatment recommendations.
> Always verify dosing, contraindications, and regulatory alerts against official product labeling and primary regulatory sources before clinical decision-making.