---
title: "GLP‑1 and Dual GIP/GLP‑1 Receptor Agonists: Psychopharmacology and Potential Neuropsychiatric Effe"
id: "pubmed-42624955"
canonical_url: "https://medichelpline.com/clinical-feed/pubmed-42624955"
content_type: "clinical_feed_article"
specialty: "Pharmacology"
source_name: "PubMed / NCBI"
source_url: "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42624955/"
doi: "10.1007/s11920-026-01709-w"
published_at: "2026-08-21T00:00:00.000Z"
evidence_level: "Journal Article"
license: "CC-BY-NC-4.0 / Informational Use"
---
# GLP‑1 and Dual GIP/GLP‑1 Receptor Agonists: Psychopharmacology and Potential Neuropsychiatric Effe
## Provenance & Clinical Metadata
- **Canonical URL:** https://medichelpline.com/clinical-feed/pubmed-42624955
- **Specialty:** [Pharmacology](https://medichelpline.com/clinical-feed/pharmacology.md)
- **Primary Source:** PubMed / NCBI
- **Source URL:** [Original Journal Publication](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42624955/)
- **DOI:** [10.1007/s11920-026-01709-w](https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11920-026-01709-w)
- **Published At:** 2026-08-21T00:00:00.000Z
- **Evidence Rating:** Journal Article
## Executive GIST (TL;DR)
- This systematic review applied the **Bradford Hill** criteria to evaluate links between exposure to **GLP‑1 receptor agonists (GLP‑1 RAs)** and dual **GIP/GLP‑1** RAs and a spectrum of neuropsychiatric outcomes. - GLP‑1 and dual GIP/GLP‑1 RAs are incretin-based drugs increasingly used for type 2 diabetes mellitus and obesity with clear cardiometabolic benefits and growing population exposure. - Evidence sources integrated receptor pharmacology, preclinical neuroscience, randomized controlled trials, observational studies, and pharmacovigilance reports. - Outcomes examined included **depression**, **anxiety**, suicidality, reward-related behaviour, cognitive effects, and retinal/ocular disturbances. - The review found **biological plausibility** and some experimental support for CNS effects of these agents but judged current evidence insufficient to establish causality for most neuropsychiatric outcomes. - The authors highlight inconsistencies and limitations in existing data and emphasize the need for prospective, mechanism-informed clinical studies to clarify risk–benefit for neuropsychiatric endpoints. - Specific agents cited in key-wording and discussion include liraglutide, semaglutide, dulaglutide, tirzepatide (dual GIP/GLP‑1), and retatrutide. - The report discusses implications for clinical risk–benefit assessment given expanding therapeutic use and post-marketing signals, while noting that firm causal conclusions cannot yet be drawn. - The authors declared no competing interests in the conflict-of-interest statement.
## Clinical Analysis & Structured Key Points
Clipboard, Search History, and several other advanced features are temporarily unavailable. [ Skip to main page content ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42624955/#article-details) ![U.S. flag](https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/coreutils/uswds/img/favicons/favicon-57.png) An official website of the United States government Here's how you know ![Dot gov](https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/coreutils/uswds/img/icon-dot-gov.svg) **The .gov means it’s official.** Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site. ![Https](https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/coreutils/uswds/img/icon-https.svg) **The site is secure.** The **https://** ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely. [ ![NIH NLM Logo](https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/coreutils/nwds/img/logos/AgencyLogo.svg) ](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/) [Log in](https://account.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?back_url=https%3A%2F%2Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2F42624955%2F) Show account info Close #### Account Logged in as: **username** * [Dashboard](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/myncbi/) * [Publications](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/myncbi/collections/bibliography/) * [Account settings](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/account/settings/) * [Log out](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/account/signout/?back_url=https%3A//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42624955/) [Access keys](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/guide/browsers/#ncbi_accesskeys) [NCBI Homepage](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov) [MyNCBI Homepage](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/myncbi/) [Main Content](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42624955/#maincontent) [Main Navigation](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42624955/) [ ![pubmed logo](https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/af7de7da-df5d-41c6-8de4-8c266af8ccfb/core/images/pubmed-logo-blue.svg) ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/) [ ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42624955/ "Show search bar") Search: [](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42624955/ "Clear search input")Search [Advanced](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/advanced/) [ Clipboard ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/clipboard/) [ User Guide ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/help/) Save Email Send to * [ Clipboard ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42624955/) * [My Bibliography](https://account.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?back_url=https%3A%2F%2Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2F42624955%2F%23open-bibliography-panel) * [Collections](https://account.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?back_url=https%3A%2F%2Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2F42624955%2F%23open-collections-panel) * [Citation manager](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42624955/) Display options Display options Format Abstract PubMed PMID ## Save citation to file Format: Summary (text) PubMed PMID Abstract (text) CSV Create file Cancel ## Email citation Email address has not been verified. Go to [ My NCBI account settings ](https://account.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/settings/) to confirm your email and then refresh this page. To: Subject: Body: Format: Summary Summary (text) Abstract Abstract (text) MeSH and other data Send email Cancel ### Add to Collections * Create a new collection * Add to an existing collection Name your collection: Name must be less than 100 characters Choose a collection: Unable to load your collection due to an error [Please try again](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42624955/) Add Cancel ### Add to My Bibliography * My Bibliography Unable to load your delegates due to an error [Please try again](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42624955/) Add Cancel ## Your saved search Name of saved search: Search terms: [Test search terms](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42624955/) Would you like email updates of new search results? Saved Search Alert Radio Buttons * Yes * No Email: ([change](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/account/settings/)) Frequency: Monthly Weekly Daily Which day? The first Sunday The first Monday The first Tuesday The first Wednesday The first Thursday The first Friday The first Saturday The first day The first weekday Which day? Sunday Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday Report format: Summary Summary (text) Abstract Abstract (text) PubMed Send at most: 1 item 5 items 10 items 20 items 50 items 100 items 200 items Send even when there aren't any new results Optional text in email: Save Cancel ## Create a file for external citation management software Create file Cancel ## Your RSS Feed Name of RSS Feed: Number of items displayed: 5 10 15 20 50 100 Create RSS Cancel RSS Link Copy ### Actions Cite Collections Add to Collections * Create a new collection * Add to an existing collection Name your collection: Name must be less than 100 characters Choose a collection: Unable to load your collection due to an error [Please try again](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42624955/) Add Cancel Permalink Permalink Copy Display options Display options Format Abstract PubMed PMID ### Page navigation * [ Title & authors ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42624955/#heading) * [ Abstract ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42624955/#abstract) * [ Conflict of interest statement ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42624955/#conflict-of-interest) * [Similar articles](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42624955/#similar) * [ References ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42624955/#references) * [ Publication types ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42624955/#publication-types) * [ MeSH terms ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42624955/#mesh-terms) * [ Substances ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42624955/#substances) Title & authors Abstract Conflict of interest statement Similar articles References Publication types MeSH terms Substances Review Curr Psychiatry Rep Actions * [ Search in PubMed ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Curr+Psychiatry+Rep%22%5Bjour%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc) * [ Search in NLM Catalog ](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nlmcatalog?term=%22Curr+Psychiatry+Rep%22%5BTitle+Abbreviation%5D) * [ Add to Search ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42624955/) . 2026 Aug 21;28(1):65. doi: 10.1007/s11920-026-01709-w. # GLP-1 and dual GIP/GLP-1 receptor agonists' psychopharmacology and putative neuropsychiatric associated effects: a Bradford Hill-informed, systematic, evaluation [F Schifano](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Schifano+F&cauthor_id=42624955)[ 1 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42624955/#full-view-affiliation-1 "Drug Misuse and Novel Psychoactive Substances Research Unit, University of Hertfordshire Medical School, Psychopharmacology, Hatfield, UK."), [M A De Luca](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=De+Luca+MA&cauthor_id=42624955)[ 1 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42624955/#full-view-affiliation-1 "Drug Misuse and Novel Psychoactive Substances Research Unit, University of Hertfordshire Medical School, Psychopharmacology, Hatfield, UK.")[ 2 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42624955/#full-view-affiliation-2 "Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy."), [S Bonaccorso](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Bonaccorso+S&cauthor_id=42624955)[ 3 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42624955/#full-view-affiliation-3 "North London NHS Foundation Trust, St Pancras Hospital, London, UK."), [Davide Arillotta](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Arillotta+D&cauthor_id=42624955)[ 4 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42624955/#full-view-affiliation-4 "Drug Misuse and Novel Psychoactive Substances Research Unit, University of Hertfordshire Medical School, Psychopharmacology, Hatfield, UK. davide.arillotta@yahoo.it.")[ 5 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42624955/#full-view-affiliation-5 "Department of Neurosciences, Psychology, Drug Research, and Child Health, Section of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy. davide.arillotta@yahoo.it."), [G Floresta](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Floresta+G&cauthor_id=42624955)[ 6 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42624955/#full-view-affiliation-6 "Department of Drug and Health Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy. giuseppe.floresta@unict.it."), [G Martinotti](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Martinotti+G&cauthor_id=42624955)[ 7 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42624955/#full-view-affiliation-7 "Department of Neurosciences, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, Università degli Studi G. D'Annunzio Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy."), [G D Papanti](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Papanti+GD&cauthor_id=42624955)[ 8 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42624955/#full-view-affiliation-8 "Tolmezzo Community Mental Health Centre, ASUFC Mental Health and Addiction Department, Tolmezzo, Italy."), [J M Corkery](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Corkery+JM&cauthor_id=42624955)[ 1 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42624955/#full-view-affiliation-1 "Drug Misuse and Novel Psychoactive Substances Research Unit, University of Hertfordshire Medical School, Psychopharmacology, Hatfield, UK."), [S Chiappini](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Chiappini+S&cauthor_id=42624955)[ 9 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42624955/#full-view-affiliation-9 "UniCamillus International University of Medical Sciences, Rome, Italy."), [A Guirguis](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Guirguis+A&cauthor_id=42624955)[ 10 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42624955/#full-view-affiliation-10 "University of Swansea Medical School, Swansea, UK.") Affiliations Expand ### Affiliations * 1 Drug Misuse and Novel Psychoactive Substances Research Unit, University of Hertfordshire Medical School, Psychopharmacology, Hatfield, UK. * 2 Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy. * 3 North London NHS Foundation Trust, St Pancras Hospital, London, UK. * 4 Drug Misuse and Novel Psychoactive Substances Research Unit, University of Hertfordshire Medical School, Psychopharmacology, Hatfield, UK. davide.arillotta@yahoo.it. * 5 Department of Neurosciences, Psychology, Drug Research, and Child Health, Section of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy. davide.arillotta@yahoo.it. * 6 Department of Drug and Health Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy. giuseppe.floresta@unict.it. * 7 Department of Neurosciences, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, Università degli Studi G. D'Annunzio Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy. * 8 Tolmezzo Community Mental Health Centre, ASUFC Mental Health and Addiction Department, Tolmezzo, Italy. * 9 UniCamillus International University of Medical Sciences, Rome, Italy. * 10 University of Swansea Medical School, Swansea, UK. * PMID: **42624955** * DOI: [ 10.1007/s11920-026-01709-w ](https://doi.org/10.1007/s11920-026-01709-w) Item in Clipboard Review # GLP-1 and dual GIP/GLP-1 receptor agonists' psychopharmacology and putative neuropsychiatric associated effects: a Bradford Hill-informed, systematic, evaluation F Schifano et al. Curr Psychiatry Rep. 2026. Show details Display options Display options Format Abstract PubMed PMID Curr Psychiatry Rep Actions * [ Search in PubMed ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Curr+Psychiatry+Rep%22%5Bjour%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc) * [ Search in NLM Catalog ](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nlmcatalog?term=%22Curr+Psychiatry+Rep%22%5BTitle+Abbreviation%5D) * [ Add to Search ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42624955/) . 2026 Aug 21;28(1):65. doi: 10.1007/s11920-026-01709-w. ### Authors [F Schifano](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Schifano+F&cauthor_id=42624955)[ 1 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42624955/#short-view-affiliation-1 "Drug Misuse and Novel Psychoactive Substances Research Unit, University of Hertfordshire Medical School, Psychopharmacology, Hatfield, UK."), [M A De Luca](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=De+Luca+MA&cauthor_id=42624955)[ 1 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42624955/#short-view-affiliation-1 "Drug Misuse and Novel Psychoactive Substances Research Unit, University of Hertfordshire Medical School, Psychopharmacology, Hatfield, UK.")[ 2 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42624955/#short-view-affiliation-2 "Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy."), [S Bonaccorso](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Bonaccorso+S&cauthor_id=42624955)[ 3 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42624955/#short-view-affiliation-3 "North London NHS Foundation Trust, St Pancras Hospital, London, UK."), [Davide Arillotta](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Arillotta+D&cauthor_id=42624955)[ 4 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42624955/#short-view-affiliation-4 "Drug Misuse and Novel Psychoactive Substances Research Unit, University of Hertfordshire Medical School, Psychopharmacology, Hatfield, UK. davide.arillotta@yahoo.it.")[ 5 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42624955/#short-view-affiliation-5 "Department of Neurosciences, Psychology, Drug Research, and Child Health, Section of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy. davide.arillotta@yahoo.it."), [G Floresta](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Floresta+G&cauthor_id=42624955)[ 6 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42624955/#short-view-affiliation-6 "Department of Drug and Health Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy. giuseppe.floresta@unict.it."), [G Martinotti](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Martinotti+G&cauthor_id=42624955)[ 7 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42624955/#short-view-affiliation-7 "Department of Neurosciences, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, Università degli Studi G. D'Annunzio Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy."), [G D Papanti](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Papanti+GD&cauthor_id=42624955)[ 8 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42624955/#short-view-affiliation-8 "Tolmezzo Community Mental Health Centre, ASUFC Mental Health and Addiction Department, Tolmezzo, Italy."), [J M Corkery](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Corkery+JM&cauthor_id=42624955)[ 1 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42624955/#short-view-affiliation-1 "Drug Misuse and Novel Psychoactive Substances Research Unit, University of Hertfordshire Medical School, Psychopharmacology, Hatfield, UK."), [S Chiappini](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Chiappini+S&cauthor_id=42624955)[ 9 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42624955/#short-view-affiliation-9 "UniCamillus International University of Medical Sciences, Rome, Italy."), [A Guirguis](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Guirguis+A&cauthor_id=42624955)[ 10 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42624955/#short-view-affiliation-10 "University of Swansea Medical School, Swansea, UK.") ### Affiliations * 1 Drug Misuse and Novel Psychoactive Substances Research Unit, University of Hertfordshire Medical School, Psychopharmacology, Hatfield, UK. * 2 Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy. * 3 North London NHS Foundation Trust, St Pancras Hospital, London, UK. * 4 Drug Misuse and Novel Psychoactive Substances Research Unit, University of Hertfordshire Medical School, Psychopharmacology, Hatfield, UK. davide.arillotta@yahoo.it. * 5 Department of Neurosciences, Psychology, Drug Research, and Child Health, Section of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy. davide.arillotta@yahoo.it. * 6 Department of Drug and Health Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy. giuseppe.floresta@unict.it. * 7 Department of Neurosciences, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, Università degli Studi G. D'Annunzio Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy. * 8 Tolmezzo Community Mental Health Centre, ASUFC Mental Health and Addiction Department, Tolmezzo, Italy. * 9 UniCamillus International University of Medical Sciences, Rome, Italy. * 10 University of Swansea Medical School, Swansea, UK. * PMID: **42624955** * DOI: [ 10.1007/s11920-026-01709-w ](https://doi.org/10.1007/s11920-026-01709-w) Item in Clipboard Cite Display options Display options Format Abstract PubMed PMID ## Abstract **Purpose of review:** This review evaluates evidence linking both GLP-1 and GIP/GLP-1RAs' exposure to a range of neuropsychiatric outcomes using the Bradford Hill criteria for causal inference. **Recent findings:** Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and the dual glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide-GIP/GLP-1 receptor agonists (RAs) are incretin-based medications widely prescribed for type 2 diabetes mellitus and obesity, with demonstrated cardiometabolic benefit and rapidly expanding population exposure. In parallel, post-marketing surveillance and emerging translational research have raised questions regarding potential central nervous system effects, including neuropsychiatric adverse events and psychopharmacological properties. Integrating data from receptor pharmacology, preclinical neuroscience, randomized controlled trials, and observational and pharmacovigilance studies, the strength, consistency, biological plausibility, and experimental support for reported associations with depression, anxiety, suicidality, reward-related behaviour, cognitive effects and retinal/ocular related disturbances were here assessed. Implications for clinical risk-benefit assessment were discussed as well. Current evidence supports potential biological plausibility of a relationship between GLP-1 RAs and a range of psychopathological disorders but remains insufficient to establish causality for most neuropsychiatric outcomes, suggesting the need for prospective, mechanism-informed clinical studies. **Keywords:** Anxiety; Bradford-Hill evaluation; Cognitive dysfunction; Depression; Dulaglutide; GLP-1 RAs; GLP-1 receptor agonists; Liraglutide; Psychopathology; Psychopharmacology; Retatrutide; Semaglutide; Suicidal ideation; Tirzepatide; dual GIP/GLP-1 RAs; triple GIP/GLP-1/glucagon RAs. © 2026. The Author(s). [PubMed Disclaimer](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disclaimer/) ## Conflict of interest statement Declarations. Competing Interests: The authors declare no competing interests. ## Similar articles * [ The dual glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonist tirzepatide: a novel cardiometabolic therapeutic prospect. ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34819089/) Fisman EZ, Tenenbaum A.Fisman EZ, et al.Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2021 Nov 24;20(1):225. doi: 10.1186/s12933-021-01412-5.Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2021.PMID: 34819089Free PMC article. * [ Dietary Strategies and Nutritional Management in Patients Receiving GLP-1 and Dual GIP/GLP-1 Receptor Agonists as Adjuncts to Lifestyle Interventions: A Systematic Review of Randomised Clinical Trials. ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42037117/) de Paulo RS, Bonifácio DB, de Carvalho MHL, Bressan J.de Paulo RS, et al.Diabetes Obes Metab. 2026 Jul;28(7):5492-5507. doi: 10.1111/dom.70779. Epub 2026 Apr 27.Diabetes Obes Metab. 2026.PMID: 42037117Free PMC article. * [ The Clinical Application of GLP-1RAs and GLP-1/GIP Dual Receptor Agonists Based on Pharmacological Mechanisms: A Review. ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41312047/) Liu Z, Yu S, Jin X, Sheng L, YanMu MR, Gao J, Lu J, Lei T.Liu Z, et al.Drug Des Devel Ther. 2025 Nov 22;19:10383-10409. doi: 10.2147/DDDT.S559919. eCollection 2025.Drug Des Devel Ther. 2025.PMID: 41312047Free PMC article.Review. * [ Real-world evidence on the utilization, clinical and comparative effectiveness, and adverse effects of newer GLP-1RA-based weight-loss therapies. ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40196933/) Thomsen RW, Mailhac A, Løhde JB, Pottegård A.Thomsen RW, et al.Diabetes Obes Metab. 2025 Apr;27 Suppl 2(Suppl 2):66-88. doi: 10.1111/dom.16364. Epub 2025 Apr 8.Diabetes Obes Metab. 2025.PMID: 40196933Free PMC article.Review. * [ Risk of major adverse cardiovascular events and stroke associated with treatment with GLP-1 or the dual GIP/GLP-1 receptor agonist tirzepatide for type 2 diabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis. ](htt
## Related Clinical Research

- [ENDO 2026: Progress and Resilience in Endocrinology and Obesity Care](https://medichelpline.com/clinical-feed/endocrine-news-0-endo-2026-progress-and-resilience.md)
- [GLP-1 receptor agonists and PMOS: evidence, mechanisms, and who may benefit](https://medichelpline.com/clinical-feed/medical-news-today-0-can-glp-1s-really-help-treat-pmos-experts-answer-3-key-questions.md)
- [Undiagnosed type 2 diabetes presenting as DKA with hypertriglyceridemia-induced acute pancreatitis](https://medichelpline.com/clinical-feed/cmaj-1-undiagnosed-type-2-diabetes-presenting-as-diabetic-ketoacidosis-with.md)
- [GLP-1 receptor agonists and reports of depressed mood and suicidal thoughts in type 2 diabetes](https://medichelpline.com/clinical-feed/pubmed-42002107.md) (DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2026.121802)
- [Orforglipron Added to Titrated Insulin Glargine Improves Glycemic Control and Weight in Type 2 Dia](https://medichelpline.com/clinical-feed/pubmed-42251769.md) (DOI: 10.1001/jama.2026.9512)

## Navigation
- [← Back to Pharmacology Feed](https://medichelpline.com/clinical-feed/pharmacology.md)
- [← All Clinical Specialties](https://medichelpline.com/clinical-feed.md)
## Medical & Regulatory Disclaimer

> [!CAUTION]
> MedicHelpline content is structured for research, educational, and professional discovery purposes. It does not constitute individual medical advice, clinical diagnosis, or treatment recommendations.
> Always verify dosing, contraindications, and regulatory alerts against official product labeling and primary regulatory sources before clinical decision-making.