---
title: "GP referrals to public orthopaedic services: efficiency, costs and outcomes to surgical decision"
id: "pubmed-42528371"
canonical_url: "https://medichelpline.com/clinical-feed/pubmed-42528371"
content_type: "clinical_feed_article"
specialty: "Pharmacology"
source_name: "PubMed / NCBI"
source_url: "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42528371/"
doi: "10.1071/AH26058"
published_at: "2026-09-03T00:00:00.000Z"
evidence_level: "Journal Article"
license: "CC-BY-NC-4.0 / Informational Use"
---
# GP referrals to public orthopaedic services: efficiency, costs and outcomes to surgical decision
## Provenance & Clinical Metadata
- **Canonical URL:** https://medichelpline.com/clinical-feed/pubmed-42528371
- **Specialty:** [Pharmacology](https://medichelpline.com/clinical-feed/pharmacology.md)
- **Primary Source:** PubMed / NCBI
- **Source URL:** [Original Journal Publication](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42528371/)
- **DOI:** [10.1071/AH26058](https://doi.org/10.1071%2FAH26058)
- **Published At:** 2026-09-03T00:00:00.000Z
- **Evidence Rating:** Journal Article
## Executive GIST (TL;DR)
- This retrospective observational cohort evaluated all **general practitioner (GP)** orthopaedic referrals to a large regional Australian public health service over a two-year period, focusing on the pathway up to surgical determination or discharge. - The cohort included 18,901 referrals; referral counts per GP varied widely (range 1–238 referrals per GP). - Time from referral to surgical decision was lengthy and heterogeneous: mean time was 520 days with an observed range from about 1 week to 4 years. - Mean pre-surgical health service cost per referral was AUD $785 (standard error 11.89); costs were adjusted for inflation and reported from the health service perspective. - The **surgical conversion** rate—referrals that proceeded to surgery—was low at 25%. - Longer intervals in the pathway and surgical listings were associated with increased costs. - Statistical methods included Kaplan–Meier survival analysis for right-censored data and inverse probability censoring for cost estimation. - The study identified high GP-level variability, prolonged non-surgical orthopaedic care, low surgical conversion and substantial drop-out rates, and called for further research to explain variation and improve alignment between primary care referral goals and orthopaedic non-surgical management. - All reported outcomes, methods and cost estimates are from a single-centre, regional Australian public health service and reflect the study authors’ health-service perspective.
## Clinical Analysis & Structured Key Points
Clipboard, Search History, and several other advanced features are temporarily unavailable. [ Skip to main page content ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42528371/#article-details) ![U.S. flag](https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/coreutils/uswds/img/favicons/favicon-57.png) An official website of the United States government Here's how you know ![Dot gov](https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/coreutils/uswds/img/icon-dot-gov.svg) **The .gov means it’s official.** Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site. ![Https](https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/coreutils/uswds/img/icon-https.svg) **The site is secure.** The **https://** ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely. [ ![NIH NLM Logo](https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/coreutils/nwds/img/logos/AgencyLogo.svg) ](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/) [Log in](https://account.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?back_url=https%3A%2F%2Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2F42528371%2F) Show account info Close #### Account Logged in as: **username** * [Dashboard](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/myncbi/) * [Publications](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/myncbi/collections/bibliography/) * [Account settings](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/account/settings/) * [Log out](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/account/signout/?back_url=https%3A//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42528371/) [Access keys](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/guide/browsers/#ncbi_accesskeys) [NCBI Homepage](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov) [MyNCBI Homepage](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/myncbi/) [Main Content](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42528371/#maincontent) [Main Navigation](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42528371/) [ ![pubmed logo](https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/af7de7da-df5d-41c6-8de4-8c266af8ccfb/core/images/pubmed-logo-blue.svg) ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/) [ ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42528371/ "Show search bar") Search: [](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42528371/ "Clear search input")Search [Advanced](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/advanced/) [ Clipboard ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/clipboard/) [ User Guide ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/help/) Save Email Send to * [ Clipboard ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42528371/) * [My Bibliography](https://account.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?back_url=https%3A%2F%2Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2F42528371%2F%23open-bibliography-panel) * [Collections](https://account.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?back_url=https%3A%2F%2Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2F42528371%2F%23open-collections-panel) * [Citation manager](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42528371/) Display options Display options Format Abstract PubMed PMID ## Save citation to file Format: Summary (text) PubMed PMID Abstract (text) CSV Create file Cancel ## Email citation Email address has not been verified. Go to [ My NCBI account settings ](https://account.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/settings/) to confirm your email and then refresh this page. To: Subject: Body: Format: Summary Summary (text) Abstract Abstract (text) MeSH and other data Send email Cancel ### Add to Collections * Create a new collection * Add to an existing collection Name your collection: Name must be less than 100 characters Choose a collection: Unable to load your collection due to an error [Please try again](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42528371/) Add Cancel ### Add to My Bibliography * My Bibliography Unable to load your delegates due to an error [Please try again](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42528371/) Add Cancel ## Your saved search Name of saved search: Search terms: [Test search terms](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42528371/) Would you like email updates of new search results? Saved Search Alert Radio Buttons * Yes * No Email: ([change](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/account/settings/)) Frequency: Monthly Weekly Daily Which day? The first Sunday The first Monday The first Tuesday The first Wednesday The first Thursday The first Friday The first Saturday The first day The first weekday Which day? Sunday Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday Report format: Summary Summary (text) Abstract Abstract (text) PubMed Send at most: 1 item 5 items 10 items 20 items 50 items 100 items 200 items Send even when there aren't any new results Optional text in email: Save Cancel ## Create a file for external citation management software Create file Cancel ## Your RSS Feed Name of RSS Feed: Number of items displayed: 5 10 15 20 50 100 Create RSS Cancel RSS Link Copy ### Full text links [![Silverchair Information Systems full text link](https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/corehtml/query/egifs/https:--connectsci.au-ImageLibrary-Journals-PubMedCP_full_text_article.jpg) Silverchair Information Systems ](https://connectsci.au/ah/article-lookup/doi/10.1071/AH26058 "See full text options at Silverchair Information Systems") [ Full text links ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42528371/) ### Actions Cite Collections Add to Collections * Create a new collection * Add to an existing collection Name your collection: Name must be less than 100 characters Choose a collection: Unable to load your collection due to an error [Please try again](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42528371/) Add Cancel Permalink Permalink Copy Display options Display options Format Abstract PubMed PMID ### Page navigation * [ Title & authors ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42528371/#heading) * [ Abstract ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42528371/#abstract) * [ Publication types ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42528371/#publication-types) * [ MeSH terms ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42528371/#mesh-terms) * [ Grants and funding ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42528371/#grants) * [ LinkOut - more resources ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42528371/#linkout) Title & authors Abstract Publication types MeSH terms Grants and funding LinkOut - more resources Observational Study Aust Health Rev Actions * [ Search in PubMed ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Aust+Health+Rev%22%5Bjour%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc) * [ Search in NLM Catalog ](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nlmcatalog?term=%22Aust+Health+Rev%22%5BTitle+Abbreviation%5D) * [ Add to Search ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42528371/) . 2026 Sep 3;50(3):AH26058. doi: 10.1071/AH26058. # From referral to surgical decision: a service-efficiency, cost and outcomes evaluation of general practitioner referrals to a public orthopaedic service [Darryn Marks](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Marks+D&cauthor_id=42528371)[ 1 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42528371/#full-view-affiliation-1 "Faculty of Health Science and Medicine, Bond University, Gold Coast, Qld, Australia."), [James Todd](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Todd+J&cauthor_id=42528371)[ 2 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42528371/#full-view-affiliation-2 "Centre for Data Analytics, Bond Business School, Bond University, Gold Coast, Qld, Australia."), [Michael Thomas](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Thomas+M&cauthor_id=42528371)[ 1 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42528371/#full-view-affiliation-1 "Faculty of Health Science and Medicine, Bond University, Gold Coast, Qld, Australia.")[ 3 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42528371/#full-view-affiliation-3 "Department of Orthopaedics, Gold Coast Hospital and Health Service, Southport, Qld, Australia."), [Steven Stern](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Stern+S&cauthor_id=42528371)[ 2 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42528371/#full-view-affiliation-2 "Centre for Data Analytics, Bond Business School, Bond University, Gold Coast, Qld, Australia."), [Sharon Mickan](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Mickan+S&cauthor_id=42528371)[ 1 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42528371/#full-view-affiliation-1 "Faculty of Health Science and Medicine, Bond University, Gold Coast, Qld, Australia."), [Wayne Hing](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Hing+W&cauthor_id=42528371)[ 1 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42528371/#full-view-affiliation-1 "Faculty of Health Science and Medicine, Bond University, Gold Coast, Qld, Australia.") Affiliations Expand ### Affiliations * 1 Faculty of Health Science and Medicine, Bond University, Gold Coast, Qld, Australia. * 2 Centre for Data Analytics, Bond Business School, Bond University, Gold Coast, Qld, Australia. * 3 Department of Orthopaedics, Gold Coast Hospital and Health Service, Southport, Qld, Australia. * PMID: **42528371** * DOI: [ 10.1071/AH26058 ](https://doi.org/10.1071/ah26058) Item in Clipboard Observational Study # From referral to surgical decision: a service-efficiency, cost and outcomes evaluation of general practitioner referrals to a public orthopaedic service Darryn Marks et al. Aust Health Rev. 2026. Show details Display options Display options Format Abstract PubMed PMID Aust Health Rev Actions * [ Search in PubMed ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Aust+Health+Rev%22%5Bjour%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc) * [ Search in NLM Catalog ](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nlmcatalog?term=%22Aust+Health+Rev%22%5BTitle+Abbreviation%5D) * [ Add to Search ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42528371/) . 2026 Sep 3;50(3):AH26058. doi: 10.1071/AH26058. ### Authors [Darryn Marks](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Marks+D&cauthor_id=42528371)[ 1 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42528371/#short-view-affiliation-1 "Faculty of Health Science and Medicine, Bond University, Gold Coast, Qld, Australia."), [James Todd](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Todd+J&cauthor_id=42528371)[ 2 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42528371/#short-view-affiliation-2 "Centre for Data Analytics, Bond Business School, Bond University, Gold Coast, Qld, Australia."), [Michael Thomas](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Thomas+M&cauthor_id=42528371)[ 1 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42528371/#short-view-affiliation-1 "Faculty of Health Science and Medicine, Bond University, Gold Coast, Qld, Australia.")[ 3 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42528371/#short-view-affiliation-3 "Department of Orthopaedics, Gold Coast Hospital and Health Service, Southport, Qld, Australia."), [Steven Stern](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Stern+S&cauthor_id=42528371)[ 2 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42528371/#short-view-affiliation-2 "Centre for Data Analytics, Bond Business School, Bond University, Gold Coast, Qld, Australia."), [Sharon Mickan](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Mickan+S&cauthor_id=42528371)[ 1 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42528371/#short-view-affiliation-1 "Faculty of Health Science and Medicine, Bond University, Gold Coast, Qld, Australia."), [Wayne Hing](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Hing+W&cauthor_id=42528371)[ 1 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42528371/#short-view-affiliation-1 "Faculty of Health Science and Medicine, Bond University, Gold Coast, Qld, Australia.") ### Affiliations * 1 Faculty of Health Science and Medicine, Bond University, Gold Coast, Qld, Australia. * 2 Centre for Data Analytics, Bond Business School, Bond University, Gold Coast, Qld, Australia. * 3 Department of Orthopaedics, Gold Coast Hospital and Health Service, Southport, Qld, Australia. * PMID: **42528371** * DOI: [ 10.1071/AH26058 ](https://doi.org/10.1071/ah26058) Item in Clipboard Full text links Cite Display options Display options Format Abstract PubMed PMID ## Abstract **Objective:** Effective general practitioner (GP) referral and timely orthopaedic surgical decisions are essential for health service productivity and quality patient care, yet efficiency in this pathway is not well understood. This study evaluated GP public orthopaedic referrals up to the point of surgical determination. Aims were to estimate GP-level variability in referral volumes, types, orthopaedic resource usage, surgical conversion rates and the time and costs of orthopaedic care, up to surgical decision. **Methods:** This study involved a retrospective observational cohort with cost and outcomes analysis. The 2-year cohort included all GP orthopaedic referrals to a large regional Australian public health service, orthopaedic-led care provision and costs incurred up to surgical determination (or discharge). Survival analysis used the Kaplan-Meier estimator for right censored data, with inverse probability censoring for inflation adjusted costs, expressed in Australian dollars from the health service perspective. **Results:** A total of 18,901 referrals were identified. Referral volume was highly variable, ranging from 1 to 238 per GP. Time to surgical decision was often lengthy (mean = 520 days) and highly variable (1 week-4 years). Mean pre-surgical health service costs per referral were $785 (s.e. 11.89) and the surgical conversion rate was low (25%). Longer time periods and surgical listings were associated with greater costs. **Conclusions:** This large, single-centre evaluation revealed high GP referral variability, prolonged non-surgical orthopaedic care, low surgical conversion and high drop-out rates. Further research is needed to better understand the reasons behind variation in GP referral parameters and to explore ways to more efficiently align referral goals and non-surgical care across primary care and orthopaedics. **Keywords:** outcomes; cost; efficiency; general practitioner; health services; orthopaedic; referral; surgery. © 2026 The Author(s) (or their employer(s)). Published by CSIRO Publishing. [PubMed Disclaimer](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disclaimer/) ## Publication types * Observational Study Actions * [ Search in PubMed ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Observational+Study%22%5Bpt%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc) * [ Search in MeSH ](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Observational+Study) * [ Add to Search ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42528371/) ## MeSH terms * Aged Actions * [ Search in PubMed ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Aged%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc) * [ Search in MeSH ](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Aged) * [ Add to Search ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42528371/) * Australia Actions * [ Search in PubMed ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Australia%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc) * [ Search in MeSH ](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Australia) * [ Add to Search ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42528371/) * Cost-Benefit Analysis Actions * [ Search in PubMed ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Cost-Benefit+Analysis%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc) * [ Search in MeSH ](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Cost-Benefit+Analysis) * [ Add to Search ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42528371/) * Efficiency, Organizational* Actions * [ Search in PubMed ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Efficiency%2C+Organizational%22%5BMAJR%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc) * [ Search in MeSH ](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Efficiency%2C+Organizational) * [ Add to Search ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42528371/) * Female Actions * [ Search in PubMed ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Female%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc) * [ Search in MeSH ](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Female) * [ Add to Search ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42528371/) * General Practitioners* Actions * [ Search in PubMed ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22General+Practitioners%22%5BMAJR%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc) * [ Search in MeSH ](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=General+Practitioners) * [ Add to Search ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42528371/) * Humans Actions * [ Search in PubMed ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Humans%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc) * [ Search in MeSH ](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Humans) * [ Add to Search ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42528371/) * Male Actions * [ Search in PubMed ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Male%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc) * [ Search in MeSH ](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Male) * [ Add to Search ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42528371/) * Middle Aged Actions * [ Search in PubMed ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Middle+Aged%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc) * [ Search in MeSH ](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Middle+Aged) * [ Add to Search ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42528371/) * Orthopedic Procedures* / economics Actions * [ Search in PubMed ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Orthopedic+Procedures%2Feconomics%22%5BMAJR%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc) * [ Search in MeSH ](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Orthopedic+Procedures) * [ Add to Search ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42528371/) * Orthopedics* Actions * [ Search in PubMed ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Orthopedics%22%5BMAJR%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc) * [ Search in MeSH ](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Orthopedics) * [ Add to Search ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42528371/) * Outcome Assessment, Health Care Actions * [ Search in PubMed ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Outcome+Assessment%2C+Health+Care%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc) * [ Search in MeSH ](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Outcome+Assessment%2C+Health+Care) * [ Add to Search ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42528371/) * Referral and Consultation* / economics Actions * [ Search in PubMed ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Referral+and+Consultation%2Feconomics%22%5BMAJR%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc) * [ Search in MeSH ](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Referral+and+Consultation) * [ Add to Search ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42528371/) * Referral and Consultation* / statistics & numerical data Actions * [ Search in PubMed ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Referral+and+Consultation%2Fstatistics+and+numerical+data%22%5BMAJR%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc) * [ Search in MeSH ](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Referral+and+Consultation) * [ Add to Search ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42528371/) * Retrospective Studies Actions * [ Search in PubMed ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Retrospective+Studies%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc) * [ Search in MeSH ](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Retrospective+Studies) * [ Add to Search ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42528371/) ## Grants and funding * [ Internal Bond University, Faculty of Health Science and Medicine/Bond University, Faculty of Health Science and Medicine ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Internal+Bond+University%2C+Faculty+of+Health+Science+and+Medicine%2FBond+University%2C+Faculty+of+Health+Science+and+Medicine%5BGrants+and+Funding%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc "All articles for grant Internal Bond University, Faculty of Health Science and Medicine/Bond University, Faculty of Health Science and Medicine") ## LinkOut - more resources * ### Full Text Sources * [ Silverchair Information Systems ](https://connectsci.au/ah/article-lookup/doi/10.1071/AH26058) **Full text links** [x] [![Silverchair Information Systems full text link](https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/corehtml/query/egifs/https:--connectsci.au-ImageLibrary-Journals-PubMedCP_full_text_article.jpg) Silverchair Information Systems ](https://connectsci.au/ah/article-lookup/doi/10.1071/AH26058 "See full text options at Silverchair Information Systems") [x] Cite Copy Download .nbib .nbib Format: AMA APA MLA NLM **Send To** * [Clipboard](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42528371/) * [Email](https://account.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?back_url=https%3A%2F%2Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2F42528371%2F%23open-email-pane
## Related Clinical Research

- [Glabridin in liquorice pastilles and short-term metabolic effects in young adults](https://medichelpline.com/clinical-feed/plos-one-17-glabridin-content-and-metabolic-effects-of-liquorice-confectionaries-a.md)
- [Ambient light during sample processing causes verteporfin-driven protein cross-linking](https://medichelpline.com/clinical-feed/plos-one-17-ambient-light-drives-verteporfin-induced-protein-cross-linking-during-standard.md)
- [Nitric Oxide Dysregulation Links Metabolic Dysfunction to Cognitive Decline in Type 2 Diabetes](https://medichelpline.com/clinical-feed/pubmed-42746741.md) (DOI: 10.1042/BST20250325)
- [HHS and FDA push to reduce animal testing, endorse human-based research methods](https://medichelpline.com/clinical-feed/stat-news-0-stat-hhs-unveils-new-initiatives-to-reduce-animal-testing-in-drug-development.md)
- [Association of DMFT Index and Diabetes Mellitus in Central Sudan Adults — Community Study](https://medichelpline.com/clinical-feed/pubmed-42770630.md) (DOI: 10.1080/19932820.2026.2732308)

## Navigation
- [← Back to Pharmacology Feed](https://medichelpline.com/clinical-feed/pharmacology.md)
- [← All Clinical Specialties](https://medichelpline.com/clinical-feed.md)
## Medical & Regulatory Disclaimer

> [!CAUTION]
> MedicHelpline content is structured for research, educational, and professional discovery purposes. It does not constitute individual medical advice, clinical diagnosis, or treatment recommendations.
> Always verify dosing, contraindications, and regulatory alerts against official product labeling and primary regulatory sources before clinical decision-making.