---
title: "Microfluidic Processing for Scalable Cationic Nanoemulsions in Dermal Ibuprofen Delivery"
id: "pubmed-42700904"
canonical_url: "https://medichelpline.com/clinical-feed/pubmed-42700904"
content_type: "clinical_feed_article"
specialty: "Pharmacology"
source_name: "PubMed / NCBI"
source_url: "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42700904/"
doi: "10.1016/j.ijpharm.2026.127379"
published_at: "2026-10-05T00:00:00.000Z"
evidence_level: "Journal Article"
license: "CC-BY-NC-4.0 / Informational Use"
---
# Microfluidic Processing for Scalable Cationic Nanoemulsions in Dermal Ibuprofen Delivery
## Provenance & Clinical Metadata
- **Canonical URL:** https://medichelpline.com/clinical-feed/pubmed-42700904
- **Specialty:** [Pharmacology](https://medichelpline.com/clinical-feed/pharmacology.md)
- **Primary Source:** PubMed / NCBI
- **Source URL:** [Original Journal Publication](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42700904/)
- **DOI:** [10.1016/j.ijpharm.2026.127379](https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ijpharm.2026.127379)
- **Published At:** 2026-10-05T00:00:00.000Z
- **Evidence Rating:** Journal Article
## Executive GIST (TL;DR)
- This study evaluates a scalable route to prepare **nanoemulsions** for dermal drug delivery by applying microfluidic processing to premixed coarse emulsions using 3D‑printed microfluidic chips. - The work compares three preparation approaches: **phase inversion composition (PIC)**, conventional homogenisation, and microfluidisation via 3D‑printed microchannels. - Formulations were cationic oil‑in‑water systems containing ethyl oleate, Tween 80 and cetyltrimethylammonium bromide, loaded with ibuprofen at 2% w/w. - PIC produced the smallest droplets (~33 nm) and was used to generate premixed emulsions (~84 nm) that served as starting material for microfluidic size reduction. - Microfluidisation of premixed coarse emulsions reduced droplet size to approximately 57–67 nm, achieving size reduction comparable to conventional homogenisation (~62 nm). - Altering microchannel geometry and flow rate in the microfluidic chips did not produce significant changes in final nanoemulsion properties. - Stability testing showed nanoemulsions made by homogenisation remained <200 nm for 3 months at 40°C and 12 months at 25°C but were less stable than PIC and microfluidisation products. - Skin permeation of ibuprofen differed by method: PIC ~14 µg, microfluidisation ~10 µg, homogenisation ~7 µg, indicating PIC provided the highest permeation in this study. - The authors conclude microchannel processing improved stability and skin delivery relative to homogenisation and offers a scalable, energy‑efficient continuous manufacturing route, though PIC remained superior overall in this dataset. - No competing interests were declared by the authors. - The abstract specifies experimental ingredients, particle sizes, stability time points and permeation amounts; additional procedural details and full experimental data are contained in the full text and are not reported in the PubMed abstract.
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Epub 2026 Sep 5. # Microfluidic processing of coarse emulsions: a scalable approach for nanoemulsion preparation in dermal drug delivery [Li Ching Wong](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Wong+LC&cauthor_id=42700904)[ 1 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42700904/#full-view-affiliation-1 "Discipline of Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Minden, Penang, Malaysia."), [Sak Jie Tan](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Tan+SJ&cauthor_id=42700904)[ 2 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42700904/#full-view-affiliation-2 "School of Mechanical Engineering, Tuanku Syed Sirajuddin Engineering Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 14300 Nibong Tebal, Penang, Malaysia."), [Kok Hwa Yu](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Yu+KH&cauthor_id=42700904)[ 2 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42700904/#full-view-affiliation-2 "School of Mechanical Engineering, Tuanku Syed Sirajuddin Engineering Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 14300 Nibong Tebal, Penang, Malaysia."), [Choon Fu Goh](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Goh+CF&cauthor_id=42700904)[ 3 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42700904/#full-view-affiliation-3 "Discipline of Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Minden, Penang, Malaysia. Electronic address: choonfugoh@usm.my.") Affiliations Expand ### Affiliations * 1 Discipline of Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Minden, Penang, Malaysia. * 2 School of Mechanical Engineering, Tuanku Syed Sirajuddin Engineering Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 14300 Nibong Tebal, Penang, Malaysia. * 3 Discipline of Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Minden, Penang, Malaysia. Electronic address: choonfugoh@usm.my. * PMID: **42700904** * DOI: [ 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2026.127379 ](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpharm.2026.127379) Item in Clipboard # Microfluidic processing of coarse emulsions: a scalable approach for nanoemulsion preparation in dermal drug delivery Li Ching Wong et al. Int J Pharm. 2026. Show details Display options Display options Format Abstract PubMed PMID Int J Pharm Actions * [ Search in PubMed ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Int+J+Pharm%22%5Bjour%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc) * [ Search in NLM Catalog ](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nlmcatalog?term=%22Int+J+Pharm%22%5BTitle+Abbreviation%5D) * [ Add to Search ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42700904/) . 2026 Oct 5:703:127379. doi: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2026.127379. Epub 2026 Sep 5. ### Authors [Li Ching Wong](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Wong+LC&cauthor_id=42700904)[ 1 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42700904/#short-view-affiliation-1 "Discipline of Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Minden, Penang, Malaysia."), [Sak Jie Tan](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Tan+SJ&cauthor_id=42700904)[ 2 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42700904/#short-view-affiliation-2 "School of Mechanical Engineering, Tuanku Syed Sirajuddin Engineering Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 14300 Nibong Tebal, Penang, Malaysia."), [Kok Hwa Yu](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Yu+KH&cauthor_id=42700904)[ 2 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42700904/#short-view-affiliation-2 "School of Mechanical Engineering, Tuanku Syed Sirajuddin Engineering Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 14300 Nibong Tebal, Penang, Malaysia."), [Choon Fu Goh](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Goh+CF&cauthor_id=42700904)[ 3 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42700904/#short-view-affiliation-3 "Discipline of Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Minden, Penang, Malaysia. Electronic address: choonfugoh@usm.my.") ### Affiliations * 1 Discipline of Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Minden, Penang, Malaysia. * 2 School of Mechanical Engineering, Tuanku Syed Sirajuddin Engineering Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 14300 Nibong Tebal, Penang, Malaysia. * 3 Discipline of Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Minden, Penang, Malaysia. Electronic address: choonfugoh@usm.my. * PMID: **42700904** * DOI: [ 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2026.127379 ](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpharm.2026.127379) Item in Clipboard Full text links Cite Display options Display options Format Abstract PubMed PMID Linked Discoveries ## Abstract Nanoemulsions are increasingly explored to enhance dermal drug delivery due to their nanoscale size. Microfluidic processing for nanoemulsion generation has attracted much attention but requires extensive optimisation. This study leverages 3D printed microfluidic chips for size reduction of a premixed emulsion as a scalable approach to fabricate cationic oil‑in‑water nanoemulsions loaded with ibuprofen (2%w/w) for dermal delivery. Phase inversion composition (PIC) and homogenisation were used as benchmark methods. Nanoemulsions comprising ethyl oleate, Tween® 80 and cetyltrimethylammonium bromide were optimised using PIC (∼33 nm) and subsequently used to prepare premixed emulsions (∼84 nm). Microfluidisation effectively reduced the droplet size of premixed coarse emulsions (∼57-67 nm), achieving size reduction comparable to that obtained using conventional homogenisation (∼62 nm). Varying the microchannel geometry in microfluidic chips and the flow rate did not significantly affect the nanoemulsion properties. Nanoemulsions prepared by homogenisation remained <200 nm for 3 months at 40°C and 12 months at 25°C, but they were less stable than those prepared via PIC and microfluidisation. Nanoemulsions produced via PIC exhibited higher skin permeation of ibuprofen (∼14 µg) compared with microfluidisation (∼10 µg) and homogenisation (∼7 µg). Microchannel processing improved nanoemulsion stability and skin delivery compared with homogenisation, offering scalable, energy-efficient continuous manufacturing, although PIC remained superior overall. **Keywords:** Cationic nanoemulsions; Dermal delivery; Homogenisation; Microfluidisation; Phase inversion composition. Copyright © 2026 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. [PubMed Disclaimer](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disclaimer/) ## Conflict of interest statement Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper. ## Similar articles * [ Nanocarrier-based topical drug delivery for an antifungal drug. ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23627443/) Hussain A, Samad A, Nazish I, Ahmed FJ.Hussain A, et al.Drug Dev Ind Pharm. 2014 Apr;40(4):527-41. doi: 10.3109/03639045.2013.771647. Epub 2013 Apr 29.Drug Dev Ind Pharm. 2014.PMID: 23627443 * [ Leveraging 3D-printed microfluidic micromixers for the continuous manufacture of melatonin loaded SNEDDS with enhanced antioxidant activity and skin permeability. ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39074648/) Ongoren B, Kara A, Casettari L, Tiboni M, Lalatsa A, Sanz-Perez A, Gonzalez-Burgos E, Romero A, Juberías A, Torrado JJ, Serrano DR.Ongoren B, et al.Int J Pharm. 2024 Sep 30;663:124536. doi: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2024.124536. Epub 2024 Jul 27.Int J Pharm. 2024.PMID: 39074648 * [ Preparation optimisation and storage stability of nanoemulsion-based lutein delivery systems. ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30557069/) Li J, Guo R, Hu H, Wu X, Ai L, Wu Y.Li J, et al.J Microencapsul. 2018 Sep;35(6):570-583. doi: 10.1080/02652048.2018.1559245. Epub 2019 Jan 30.J Microencapsul. 2018.PMID: 30557069 * [ A Perspective on Various Facets of Nanoemulsions and its Commercial Utilities. ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38489509/) Mishra I, Mishra R, Dubey A, Dhakad PK.Mishra I, et al.Assay Drug Dev Technol. 2024 Apr;22(3):97-117. doi: 10.1089/adt.2023.042. Epub 2024 Mar 14.Assay Drug Dev Technol. 2024.PMID: 38489509Review. * [ Nanoemulsions as potential vehicles for transdermal and dermal delivery of hydrophobic compounds: an overview. ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22703228/) Shakeel F, Shafiq S, Haq N, Alanazi FK, Alsarra IA.Shakeel F, et al.Expert Opin Drug Deliv. 2012 Aug;9(8):953-74. doi: 10.1517/17425247.2012.696605. Epub 2012 Jun 18.Expert Opin Drug Deliv. 2012.PMID: 22703228Review. [ See all similar articles ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?linkname=pubmed_pubmed&from_uid=42700904) ## MeSH terms * Administration, Cutaneous Actions * [ Search in PubMed ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Administration%2C+Cutaneous%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc) * [ Search in MeSH ](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Administration%2C+Cutaneous) * [ Add to Search ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42700904/) * Animals Actions * [ Search in PubMed ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Animals%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc) * [ Search in MeSH ](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Animals) * [ Add to Search ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42700904/) * Drug Delivery Systems* Actions * [ Search in PubMed ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Drug+Delivery+Systems%22%5BMAJR%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc) * [ Search in MeSH ](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Drug+Delivery+Systems) * [ Add to Search ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42700904/) * Emulsions / chemistry Actions * [ Search in PubMed ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Emulsions%2Fchemistry%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc) * [ Search in MeSH ](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Emulsions) * [ Add to Search ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42700904/) * Ibuprofen* / administration & dosage Actions * [ Search in PubMed ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Ibuprofen%2Fadministration+and+dosage%22%5BMAJR%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc) * [ Search in MeSH ](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Ibuprofen) * [ Add to Search ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42700904/) * Ibuprofen* / chemistry Actions * [ Search in PubMed ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Ibuprofen%2Fchemistry%22%5BMAJR%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc) * [ Search in MeSH ](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Ibuprofen) * [ Add to Search ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42700904/) * Ibuprofen* / pharmacokinetics Actions * [ Search in PubMed ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Ibuprofen%2Fpharmacokinetics%22%5BMAJR%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc) * [ Search in MeSH ](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Ibuprofen) * [ Add to Search ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42700904/) * Microfluidics / methods Actions * [ Search in PubMed ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Microfluidics%2Fmethods%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc) * [ Search in MeSH ](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Microfluidics) * [ Add to Search ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42700904/) * Nanoparticles* / chemistry Actions * [ Search in PubMed ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Nanoparticles%2Fchemistry%22%5BMAJR%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc) * [ Search in MeSH ](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Nanoparticles) * [ Add to Search ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42700904/) * Particle Size Actions * [ Search in PubMed ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Particle+Size%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc) * [ Search in MeSH ](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Particle+Size) * [ Add to Search ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42700904/) * Skin / metabolism Actions * [ Search in PubMed ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Skin%2Fmetabolism%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc) * [ Search in MeSH ](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Skin) * [ Add to Search ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42700904/) * Skin Absorption Actions * [ Search in PubMed ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Skin+Absorption%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc) * [ Search in MeSH ](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Skin+Absorption) * [ Add to Search ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42700904/) ## Substances * Emulsions Actions * [ Search in PubMed ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Emulsions%22%5Bnm%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc) * [ Search in MeSH ](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=%22Emulsions%22) * [ Add to Search ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42700904/) * Ibuprofen Actions * [ Search in PubMed ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Ibuprofen%22%5Bnm%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc) * [ Search in MeSH ](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=%22Ibuprofen%22) * [ Add to Search ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42700904/) ## Related information * [ MedGen ](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/medgen?linkname=pubmed_medgen&from_uid=42700904 "Related information in MedGen") ## LinkOut - more resources * ### Full Text Sources * [ Elsevier Science ](https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0378-5173\(26\)00827-6) **Full text links** [x] [![Elsevier Science full text link](https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/corehtml/query/egifs/https:
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