---
title: "Myth-busting influenza and adverse reaction messaging: effects on healthcare worker vaccination in"
id: "pubmed-42664528"
canonical_url: "https://medichelpline.com/clinical-feed/pubmed-42664528"
content_type: "clinical_feed_article"
specialty: "Pharmacology"
source_name: "PubMed / NCBI"
source_url: "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42664528/"
doi: "10.1016/j.vaccine.2026.129086"
published_at: "2026-10-03T00:00:00.000Z"
evidence_level: "Journal Article"
license: "CC-BY-NC-4.0 / Informational Use"
---
# Myth-busting influenza and adverse reaction messaging: effects on healthcare worker vaccination in
## Provenance & Clinical Metadata
- **Canonical URL:** https://medichelpline.com/clinical-feed/pubmed-42664528
- **Specialty:** [Pharmacology](https://medichelpline.com/clinical-feed/pharmacology.md)
- **Primary Source:** PubMed / NCBI
- **Source URL:** [Original Journal Publication](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42664528/)
- **DOI:** [10.1016/j.vaccine.2026.129086](https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.vaccine.2026.129086)
- **Published At:** 2026-10-03T00:00:00.000Z
- **Evidence Rating:** Journal Article
## Executive GIST (TL;DR)
- Seasonal **influenza** causes significant global harms, and vaccinating **healthcare workers (HCW)** is central to protecting staff and patients. Misconceptions and fears about **adverse reactions** are common barriers to uptake. - The authors ran two online experimental studies testing whether **myth-busting** materials and messages addressing adverse reactions increase vaccination intentions. - Experiment 1 included HCW (n = 514) and a general population sample (n = 401). Participants viewed myth-debunking images; randomisation tested whether adding an image addressing adverse reactions boosted effectiveness. - Experiment 1 found myth-busting reliably increased **vaccination intentions** in both samples (all p 0.12). Adding the adverse reactions image produced no additional benefit. - Experiment 2 included HCW (n = 535) and a larger general population sample (n = 1200), and focused solely on adverse-reaction messaging with four image formats tested. - In Experiment 2, there were no overall effects among HCW, but a significant interaction (p = .011, ηp2 = 0.04) showed heterogeneous effects by image: one image increased intentions (p = .029, dz = 0.25), two had null effects, and one marginally backfired (p = .052, dz = -0.21). - In the general population sample in Experiment 2, intentions increased overall (p < .001, dz = 0.15) with no interaction by image format. - Authors conclude **myth-busting** is an effective approach to increasing influenza vaccination intentions, while explicitly addressing mild adverse reactions did not reliably increase intentions and may reduce them depending on the message. They recommend testing adverse reaction messaging for HCW before implementation. - Keywords reported: Adverse reactions; Influenza; Myth-busting; vaccination. - Conflict of interest: funding support reported from UK Research and Innovation Economic and Social Research Council for one author; other authors report no known competing interests.
## Clinical Analysis & Structured Key Points
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Epub 2026 Aug 28. # Myth-busting influenza and fear of adverse reactions in healthcare workers: two experimental studies on vaccination intentions [Lewis Bott](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Bott+L&cauthor_id=42664528)[ 1 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42664528/#full-view-affiliation-1 "School of Psychology and Social Sciences Research Park \(SPARK\), Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK. Electronic address: bottla@cardiff.ac.uk."), [Jiawen Liu](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Liu+J&cauthor_id=42664528)[ 2 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42664528/#full-view-affiliation-2 "School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK."), [Aimee Challenger](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Challenger+A&cauthor_id=42664528)[ 3 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42664528/#full-view-affiliation-3 "Public Health Wales, Cardiff, UK."), [Eryl Powell](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Powell+E&cauthor_id=42664528)[ 4 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42664528/#full-view-affiliation-4 "Aneurin Bevan Gwent Public Health Team, Aneurin Bevan University Health Board, UK."), [Petroc Sumner](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Sumner+P&cauthor_id=42664528)[ 2 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42664528/#full-view-affiliation-2 "School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK.") Affiliations Expand ### Affiliations * 1 School of Psychology and Social Sciences Research Park (SPARK), Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK. Electronic address: bottla@cardiff.ac.uk. * 2 School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK. * 3 Public Health Wales, Cardiff, UK. * 4 Aneurin Bevan Gwent Public Health Team, Aneurin Bevan University Health Board, UK. * PMID: **42664528** * DOI: [ 10.1016/j.vaccine.2026.129086 ](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2026.129086) Free article Item in Clipboard # Myth-busting influenza and fear of adverse reactions in healthcare workers: two experimental studies on vaccination intentions Lewis Bott et al. Vaccine. 2026. Free article Show details Display options Display options Format Abstract PubMed PMID Vaccine Actions * [ Search in PubMed ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Vaccine%22%5Bjour%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc) * [ Search in NLM Catalog ](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nlmcatalog?term=%22Vaccine%22%5BTitle+Abbreviation%5D) * [ Add to Search ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42664528/) . 2026 Oct 3:91:129086. doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2026.129086. Epub 2026 Aug 28. ### Authors [Lewis Bott](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Bott+L&cauthor_id=42664528)[ 1 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42664528/#short-view-affiliation-1 "School of Psychology and Social Sciences Research Park \(SPARK\), Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK. Electronic address: bottla@cardiff.ac.uk."), [Jiawen Liu](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Liu+J&cauthor_id=42664528)[ 2 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42664528/#short-view-affiliation-2 "School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK."), [Aimee Challenger](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Challenger+A&cauthor_id=42664528)[ 3 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42664528/#short-view-affiliation-3 "Public Health Wales, Cardiff, UK."), [Eryl Powell](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Powell+E&cauthor_id=42664528)[ 4 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42664528/#short-view-affiliation-4 "Aneurin Bevan Gwent Public Health Team, Aneurin Bevan University Health Board, UK."), [Petroc Sumner](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Sumner+P&cauthor_id=42664528)[ 2 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42664528/#short-view-affiliation-2 "School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK.") ### Affiliations * 1 School of Psychology and Social Sciences Research Park (SPARK), Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK. Electronic address: bottla@cardiff.ac.uk. * 2 School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK. * 3 Public Health Wales, Cardiff, UK. * 4 Aneurin Bevan Gwent Public Health Team, Aneurin Bevan University Health Board, UK. * PMID: **42664528** * DOI: [ 10.1016/j.vaccine.2026.129086 ](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2026.129086) Item in Clipboard Full text links Cite Display options Display options Format Abstract PubMed PMID Linked Discoveries ## Abstract **Background:** Seasonal influenza causes significant global harms, and vaccinating healthcare workers (HCW) is central to protecting both staff and patients. However, HCW influenza vaccination rates remain below targets. Misconceptions, particularly concerns about adverse reactions, are frequently cited barriers, and many campaigns use myth-busting materials to counter these beliefs. This study tested whether correcting influenza myths and addressing concerns about adverse reactions leads to an increase in vaccine intentions. **Methods:** Two online experimental studies were conducted. HCW participants were of primary interest but a general population sample was included for comparison. In Experiment 1 (HCW n = 514; general population n = 401), participants viewed images debunking common influenza myths, with randomisation to materials that either included or excluded an additional image addressing adverse reactions. Experiment 2 (HCW n = 535; general population n = 1200) focused exclusively on adverse reaction messaging, with participants randomised to one of four image formats. Vaccination intention was the primary outcome. **Results:** In Experiment 1, myth-busting significantly increased vaccination intentions (all p 0.12) in both samples. Adding an adverse reactions image produced no additional increase. In Experiment 2, no overall effects emerged for HCW, but a significant interaction (p = .011, ηp2 = 0.04) indicated that effects varied by image: one increased intentions (p = .029, dz = 0.25), two showed null effects, and one produced a marginal backfire effect (p = .052 dz = -0.21). In the general population sample, intentions increased overall (p < .001, dz = 0.15) with no interaction. **Conclusions:** Vaccination intentions were reliably higher after viewing myth-busting materials than before, but control intentions were not. Myth-busting is therefore an effective approach to increasing influenza vaccination intentions. In contrast, explicitly addressing mild adverse reactions did not reliably raise intentions and, for one set of materials, marginally reduced them. Campaigns targeting HCW should therefore test adverse reaction messaging before implementation. **Keywords:** Adverse reactions; Influenza; Myth-busting, vaccination. Copyright © 2026 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved. [PubMed Disclaimer](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disclaimer/) ## Conflict of interest statement Declaration of competing interest The authors declare the following financial interests/personal relationships which may be considered as potential competing interests: Lewis Bott reports financial support was provided by UK Research and Innovation Economic and Social Research Council. If there are other authors, they declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper. ## Similar articles * [ Influenza vaccination for healthcare workers who care for people aged 60 or older living in long-term care institutions. ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40013540/) Thomas RE, Jefferson T, Lasserson TJ, Earnshaw S.Thomas RE, et al.Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2025 Feb 27;2(2):CD005187. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD005187.pub6.Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2025.PMID: 40013540Free PMC article. * [ Qualitative motivators and barriers to pandemic vs. seasonal influenza vaccination among healthcare workers: a content analysis. ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25454876/) Prematunge C, Corace K, McCarthy A, Nair RC, Roth V, Suh KN, Garber G.Prematunge C, et al.Vaccine. 2014 Dec 12;32(52):7128-34. doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.10.023. Epub 2014 Oct 28.Vaccine. 2014.PMID: 25454876 * [ Predicting influenza vaccination uptake among health care workers: what are the key motivators? ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23523520/) Corace K, Prematunge C, McCarthy A, Nair RC, Roth V, Hayes T, Suh KN, Balfour L, Garber G.Corace K, et al.Am J Infect Control. 2013 Aug;41(8):679-84. doi: 10.1016/j.ajic.2013.01.014. Epub 2013 Mar 22.Am J Infect Control. 2013.PMID: 23523520 * [ Influenza vaccination for healthcare workers who care for people aged 60 or older living in long-term care institutions. ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27251461/) Thomas RE, Jefferson T, Lasserson TJ.Thomas RE, et al.Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016 Jun 2;2016(6):CD005187. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD005187.pub5.Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016.Update in: [Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2025 Feb 27;2:CD005187. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD005187.pub6.](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40013540/)PMID: 27251461Free PMC article.Updated. * [ Informing future seasonal influenza and COVID-19 vaccination campaigns based on past experience: a mixed-method approach with eligible populations and healthcare professionals. ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40917412/) Oliveira J, Gonzalez B, Mendes T, Paulino P, Gaspar R, António B, Costa D, Pinto LQ, Costa A, De Arriaga MT.Oliveira J, et al.Front Public Health. 2025 Aug 22;13:1616402. doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2025.1616402. eCollection 2025.Front Public Health. 2025.PMID: 40917412Free PMC article. 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