---
title: "Non‑invasive biomarker detection in biofluids: nanotechnology and wearable monitoring"
id: "pubmed-42633764"
canonical_url: "https://medichelpline.com/clinical-feed/pubmed-42633764"
content_type: "clinical_feed_article"
specialty: "Pharmacology"
source_name: "PubMed / NCBI"
source_url: "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42633764/"
doi: "10.1088/1361-6528/ae9d2c"
published_at: "2026-09-23T00:00:00.000Z"
evidence_level: "Journal Article"
license: "CC-BY-NC-4.0 / Informational Use"
---
# Non‑invasive biomarker detection in biofluids: nanotechnology and wearable monitoring
## Provenance & Clinical Metadata
- **Canonical URL:** https://medichelpline.com/clinical-feed/pubmed-42633764
- **Specialty:** [Pharmacology](https://medichelpline.com/clinical-feed/pharmacology.md)
- **Primary Source:** PubMed / NCBI
- **Source URL:** [Original Journal Publication](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42633764/)
- **DOI:** [10.1088/1361-6528/ae9d2c](https://doi.org/10.1088%2F1361-6528%2Fae9d2c)
- **Published At:** 2026-09-23T00:00:00.000Z
- **Evidence Rating:** Journal Article
## Executive GIST (TL;DR)
- Early and accurate identification of disease-associated **biomarkers** is critical for timely diagnosis and personalized care. - Traditional clinical standards remain **blood** and **cerebrospinal fluid**, but attention is shifting to non-invasive biofluids — urine, saliva, tears, and sweat — as accessible, patient-friendly alternatives. - Non-invasive biofluids contain diverse molecular signatures including nucleic acids, proteins, metabolites, and microbial components that can support continuous and real-time health monitoring. - Advances in **nanotechnology** have enabled sensing platforms with improved sensitivity, selectivity, and speed for biomarker detection in these biofluids. - The review summarizes key biomarkers linked to major diseases (cancer, **diabetes mellitus**, neurodegenerative disorders) that are detectable in non-invasive biofluids. - Recent progress in nanomaterial-enabled sensing strategies and advanced nanostructures is highlighted for their role in enhancing detection performance. - The convergence of wearable sensing technologies with **artificial intelligence** frameworks offers potential for continuous biomarker monitoring and intelligent disease management. - The article outlines current challenges and future perspectives to guide development of next-generation non-invasive diagnostic platforms. - Keywords and indexed MeSH terms include biofluids, biomarkers, machine learning, nanomaterials, non-invasive sensors, and related categories such as nanostructures, diabetes diagnosis, neoplasms diagnosis, and neurodegenerative diseases. - The work is a review article published in Nanotechnology (2026) by authors from the University of Western Ontario and is available via DOI 10.1088/1361-6528/ae9d2c.
## Clinical Analysis & Structured Key Points
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Affiliations Expand ### Affiliations * 1 School of Biomedical Engineering, University of Western Ontario, London N6A 5B9 Ontario, Canada. * 2 Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5B9, Canada. * PMID: **42633764** * DOI: [ 10.1088/1361-6528/ae9d2c ](https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6528/ae9d2c) Item in Clipboard Review # Advancing non-invasive diagnosis through biomarker detection in biofluids Howyn Tang et al. Nanotechnology. 2026. Show details Display options Display options Format Abstract PubMed PMID Nanotechnology Actions * [ Search in PubMed ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Nanotechnology%22%5Bjour%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc) * [ Search in NLM Catalog ](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nlmcatalog?term=%22Nanotechnology%22%5BTitle+Abbreviation%5D) * [ Add to Search ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42633764/) . 2026 Sep 23;37(38). doi: 10.1088/1361-6528/ae9d2c. ### Authors [Howyn Tang](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Tang+H&cauthor_id=42633764)[ 1 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42633764/#short-view-affiliation-1 "School of Biomedical Engineering, University of Western Ontario, London N6A 5B9 Ontario, Canada."), [Gary Sun](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Sun+G&cauthor_id=42633764)[ 2 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42633764/#short-view-affiliation-2 "Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5B9, Canada."), [Chao Lu](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Lu+C&cauthor_id=42633764)[ 2 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42633764/#short-view-affiliation-2 "Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5B9, Canada."), [Hossein Pouri](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Pouri+H&cauthor_id=42633764)[ 2 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42633764/#short-view-affiliation-2 "Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5B9, Canada."), [Rakshya Panta](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Panta+R&cauthor_id=42633764)[ 1 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42633764/#short-view-affiliation-1 "School of Biomedical Engineering, University of Western Ontario, London N6A 5B9 Ontario, Canada."), [Tai Lai Chen](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Chen+TL&cauthor_id=42633764)[ 2 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42633764/#short-view-affiliation-2 "Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5B9, Canada."), [Jin Zhang](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Zhang+J&cauthor_id=42633764)[ 1 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42633764/#short-view-affiliation-1 "School of Biomedical Engineering, University of Western Ontario, London N6A 5B9 Ontario, Canada.")[ 2 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42633764/#short-view-affiliation-2 "Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5B9, Canada.") ### Affiliations * 1 School of Biomedical Engineering, University of Western Ontario, London N6A 5B9 Ontario, Canada. * 2 Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5B9, Canada. * PMID: **42633764** * DOI: [ 10.1088/1361-6528/ae9d2c ](https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6528/ae9d2c) Item in Clipboard Full text links Cite Display options Display options Format Abstract PubMed PMID ## Abstract Early and accurate identification of disease-associated biomarkers is essential for timely diagnosis and the advancement of personalized healthcare. Although blood and cerebrospinal fluid remain the clinical gold standards, increasing attention is being directed toward non-invasive biofluids, such as urine, saliva, tears, and sweat. As accessible and patient-friendly alternatives. These biofluids contain diverse biomolecular signatures, including nucleic acids, proteins, metabolites, and microbial components, offering significant potential for continuous and real-time health monitoring. Recent advances in nanotechnology have transformed biomarker detection by enabling highly sensitive, selective, and rapid analytical platforms. This review provides an overview of key biomarkers associated with major diseases, including cancer, diabetes mellitus, and neurodegenerative disorders, with a focus on their presence in non-invasive biofluids. It further highlights recent progress in nanomaterial-enabled sensing strategies and the role of advanced nanostructures in enhancing detection performance. In addition, the convergence of wearable sensing technologies with artificial intelligence frameworks for continuous biomarker monitoring and intelligent disease management is also examined. Finally, current challenges and future perspectives are outlined to guide the development of next-generation, non-invasive diagnostic platforms. **Keywords:** biofluids; biomarkers; machine learning; nanomaterials; non-invasive sensors. Creative Commons Attribution license. [PubMed Disclaimer](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disclaimer/) ## Similar articles * [ Body Biofluids for Minimally-Invasive Diagnostics: Insights, Challenges, Emerging Technologies, and Clinical Potential. ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41074254/) Rao LT, Mandal CK, Patolsky F.Rao LT, et al.Adv Healthc Mater. 2026 Jan;15(4):e03096. doi: 10.1002/adhm.202503096. Epub 2025 Oct 10.Adv Healthc Mater. 2026.PMID: 41074254Free PMC article.Review. * [ Smart and wearable electrochemical biosensors in biomedical diagnostics. ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41576883/) Kannan P, Maduraiveeran G.Kannan P, et al.Adv Colloid Interface Sci. 2026 Apr;350:103788. doi: 10.1016/j.cis.2026.103788. Epub 2026 Jan 21.Adv Colloid Interface Sci. 2026.PMID: 41576883Review. * [ Personality Theories. ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42475469/) Gallios JM, Iyer V, Kaylor LE.Gallios JM, et al.2026 Jun 20. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2026 Jan–.2026 Jun 20. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2026 Jan–.PMID: 42475469Free Books & Documents. * [ Advances in Wearable Biosensors for Non-Invasive Biofluid Monitoring. ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42345892/) Mondal R, Saikia MJ.Mondal R, et al.Biosensors (Basel). 2026 Jun 14;16(6):336. doi: 10.3390/bios16060336.Biosensors (Basel). 2026.PMID: 42345892Free PMC article.Review. * [ Achievements and Challenges for Real-Time Sensing of Analytes in Sweat within Wearable Platforms. ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30688433/) Brothers MC, DeBrosse M, Grigsby CC, Naik RR, Hussain SM, Heikenfeld J, Kim SS.Brothers MC, et al.Acc Chem Res. 2019 Feb 19;52(2):297-306. doi: 10.1021/acs.accounts.8b00555. Epub 2019 Jan 28.Acc Chem Res. 2019.PMID: 30688433Review. 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