---
title: "Outpatient Strategies for Functional Recovery After Pediatric Brain Injury"
id: "pubmed-42674601"
canonical_url: "https://medichelpline.com/clinical-feed/pubmed-42674601"
content_type: "clinical_feed_article"
specialty: "Pharmacology"
source_name: "PubMed / NCBI"
source_url: "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42674601/"
doi: "10.1542/pir.2024-006735"
published_at: "2026-09-01T00:00:00.000Z"
evidence_level: "Journal Article"
license: "CC-BY-NC-4.0 / Informational Use"
---
# Outpatient Strategies for Functional Recovery After Pediatric Brain Injury
## Provenance & Clinical Metadata
- **Canonical URL:** https://medichelpline.com/clinical-feed/pubmed-42674601
- **Specialty:** [Pharmacology](https://medichelpline.com/clinical-feed/pharmacology.md)
- **Primary Source:** PubMed / NCBI
- **Source URL:** [Original Journal Publication](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42674601/)
- **DOI:** [10.1542/pir.2024-006735](https://doi.org/10.1542%2Fpir.2024-006735)
- **Published At:** 2026-09-01T00:00:00.000Z
- **Evidence Rating:** Journal Article
## Executive GIST (TL;DR)
- Acquired brain injuries (ABIs) in children, including **hypoxic-ischemic** and **traumatic** causes, are major contributors to long-term disability. - Advances in acute care have improved survival, but many pediatric survivors experience ongoing cognitive, emotional, and physical challenges that require continued management. - The review defines ABI etiologies and highlights prognostic factors relevant to recovery trajectory in children. - Key components of outpatient assessment include structured symptom monitoring, selective use of diagnostic tools, and early identification of warning signs for complications. - Common neuropsychological effects after ABI include deficits in **memory**, **attention**, and **executive functioning**, as well as emotional and behavioral issues such as anxiety, depression, and social withdrawal. - Musculoskeletal problems and abnormalities of tone are common sequelae and are addressed with outpatient strategies. - Rehabilitation roles—**physical, occupational, and speech therapy**—are emphasized for collaborative, goal-directed care that extends into school and community contexts. - Family-centered, longitudinal outpatient care is presented as essential to support functional recovery and reintegration. - The review identifies persistent gaps in outpatient services, particularly relating to access and continuity of care for children recovering from ABI. - The overall aim is to equip pediatric providers with knowledge and tools to deliver comprehensive, coordinated outpatient management for long-term recovery after brain injury.
## Clinical Analysis & Structured Key Points
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Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois."), [Sophie Leib](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Leib+S&cauthor_id=42674601)[ 3 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42674601/#full-view-affiliation-3 "Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois."), [Brian D Wishart](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Wishart+BD&cauthor_id=42674601)[ 4 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42674601/#full-view-affiliation-4 "Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, Massachusetts General Hospital for Children, Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.") Affiliations Expand ### Affiliations * 1 Pediatric Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, Shirley Ryan AbilityLab, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois. * 2 Division of Hospital-Based Medicine, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois. * 3 Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois. * 4 Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, Massachusetts General Hospital for Children, Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts. * PMID: **42674601** * DOI: [ 10.1542/pir.2024-006735 ](https://doi.org/10.1542/pir.2024-006735) Item in Clipboard Review # Beyond Survival: Outpatient Treatment for Functional Recovery After Brain Injury Emily Kivlehan et al. Pediatr Rev. 2026. Show details Display options Display options Format Abstract PubMed PMID Pediatr Rev Actions * [ Search in PubMed ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Pediatr+Rev%22%5Bjour%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc) * [ Search in NLM Catalog ](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nlmcatalog?term=%22Pediatr+Rev%22%5BTitle+Abbreviation%5D) * [ Add to Search ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42674601/) . 2026 Sep 1;47(9):489-500. doi: 10.1542/pir.2024-006735. ### Authors [Emily Kivlehan](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Kivlehan+E&cauthor_id=42674601)[ 1 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42674601/#short-view-affiliation-1 "Pediatric Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, Shirley Ryan AbilityLab, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois."), [Uchenna Ewulonu Pelzer](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Pelzer+UE&cauthor_id=42674601)[ 2 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42674601/#short-view-affiliation-2 "Division of Hospital-Based Medicine, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois."), [Sophie Leib](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Leib+S&cauthor_id=42674601)[ 3 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42674601/#short-view-affiliation-3 "Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois."), [Brian D Wishart](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Wishart+BD&cauthor_id=42674601)[ 4 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42674601/#short-view-affiliation-4 "Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, Massachusetts General Hospital for Children, Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.") ### Affiliations * 1 Pediatric Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, Shirley Ryan AbilityLab, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois. * 2 Division of Hospital-Based Medicine, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois. * 3 Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois. * 4 Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, Massachusetts General Hospital for Children, Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts. * PMID: **42674601** * DOI: [ 10.1542/pir.2024-006735 ](https://doi.org/10.1542/pir.2024-006735) Item in Clipboard Cite Display options Display options Format Abstract PubMed PMID ## Abstract Acquired brain injuries (ABIs), including hypoxic-ischemic and traumatic injuries, are leading causes of long-term disability in children. While acute treatment has advanced, many survivors face persistent cognitive, emotional, and physical challenges that require coordinated outpatient care. This review aims to equip pediatric providers with the knowledge and tools necessary to provide longitudinal, comprehensive, and family-centered outpatient care for children recovering from ABIs. This review begins with the definitions, etiologies, and prognostic factors associated with pediatric brain injury, followed by key components of outpatient assessment, including symptom monitoring, appropriate use of diagnostic tools, and identification of early warning signs for complications. This review then highlights common neuropsychological impacts-such as deficits in memory, attention, and executive functioning-as well as emotional and behavioral concerns including anxiety, depression, and social withdrawal. Musculoskeletal complications and tone abnormalities are discussed alongside strategies for outpatient treatment. The roles of physical, occupational, and speech therapy are explored, with emphasis on collaborative, goal-directed care that extends into school and community settings. Finally, ongoing gaps in outpatient care are identified and examined, particularly in terms of access and continuity of services. © American Academy of Pediatrics, 2026. All rights reserved. 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