---
title: "pH-Responsive Chitosan–Boswellic Acid Nanogels for Sustained Sunitinib Delivery and Lung Tumor Sup"
id: "pubmed-42713680"
canonical_url: "https://medichelpline.com/clinical-feed/pubmed-42713680"
content_type: "clinical_feed_article"
specialty: "Pharmacology"
source_name: "PubMed / NCBI"
source_url: "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42713680/"
doi: "10.1021/acsami.6c02925"
published_at: "2026-09-09T00:00:00.000Z"
evidence_level: "Journal Article"
license: "CC-BY-NC-4.0 / Informational Use"
---
# pH-Responsive Chitosan–Boswellic Acid Nanogels for Sustained Sunitinib Delivery and Lung Tumor Sup
## Provenance & Clinical Metadata
- **Canonical URL:** https://medichelpline.com/clinical-feed/pubmed-42713680
- **Specialty:** [Pharmacology](https://medichelpline.com/clinical-feed/pharmacology.md)
- **Primary Source:** PubMed / NCBI
- **Source URL:** [Original Journal Publication](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42713680/)
- **DOI:** [10.1021/acsami.6c02925](https://doi.org/10.1021%2Facsami.6c02925)
- **Published At:** 2026-09-09T00:00:00.000Z
- **Evidence Rating:** Journal Article
## Executive GIST (TL;DR)
- The authors developed a hybrid nanogel platform by integrating **boswellic acid** into **chitosan** matrices to create pH-responsive, injectable nanogels intended for tumor-targeted drug delivery. - Chitosan-boswellic acid (CS-g-BOS) hydrogel precursors were formed using formaldehyde-assisted network formation, then converted to nanogels via sodium tripolyphosphate (STPP)-mediated ionic condensation, yielding shear-thinning porous precursors and pH-sensitive nanogels. - The hydrophobic triterpenoid components of BOS generate heterogeneous networks and hydrophobic domains that regulate mesh size and molecular diffusion pathways within the nanogel. - Physicochemical characterization included 1H NMR, FTIR, SEM, AFM, DLS, zeta potential, thermal stability, and rheology; BOS incorporation changed morphology, swelling, rheological behavior, and release kinetics. - Nanogels achieved high encapsulation efficiency for **sunitinib** (95.52%) and provided sustained, pH-dependent release over 18 days with accelerated release under acidic, tumor-mimicking conditions. - Release kinetics best fit the Korsmeyer–Peppas model, consistent with a diffusion-dominated release process modulated by pH-dependent swelling of the CS-g-BOS network. - In vitro, the nanogels induced cytotoxicity and apoptosis in A549 human lung cancer cells; hemolysis assays suggested acceptable blood compatibility. - In vivo and ex ovo testing showed tumor growth suppression in a mouse xenograft model and antiangiogenic activity in the chick CAM assay; however, histological changes in liver, lung, and kidney tissue indicated systemic safety requires further optimization. - The work positions a bio-derived hybrid-network strategy as a scalable alternative to conventional chitosan nanogels, integrating network engineering, transport control, and intrinsic therapeutic functionality for tumor-responsive drug delivery.
## Clinical Analysis & Structured Key Points
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Affiliations Expand ### Affiliations * 1 Department of Medical Nanotechnology, School of Medicine, North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences, Bojnurd94149, Iran. * 2 School of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran1417935840, Iran. * 3 Cancer Metabolism and Tumor Microenvironment Group, Laboratory of Tumor and Development Biology, GIGA-Cancer, University of Liège, Liège4000, Belgium. * 4 Department of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA94305, United States of America. * 5 Plasma Physics Research Center, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran1477893855, Iran. * 6 Jiann-Ping Hsu College of Public Health, Georgia Southern University, Statesboro, GA30460, United States of America. * 7 Surgery Education and Researching Network (SERGN), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Khorramabad6813833946, Iran. * 8 Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad6813833946, Iran. * 9 Department of Biomedical Engineering, Erciyes University, Kayseri38039, Türkiye. * PMID: **42713680** * DOI: [ 10.1021/acsami.6c02925 ](https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.6c02925) Item in Clipboard # Boswellic Acid-Integrated Chitosan Hybrid Nanogels for pH-Responsive Sustained Sunitinib Release and Lung Tumor Suppression Zahra Amiri et al. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces. 2026. Show details Display options Display options Format Abstract PubMed PMID ACS Appl Mater Interfaces Actions * [ Search in PubMed ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22ACS+Appl+Mater+Interfaces%22%5Bjour%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc) * [ Search in NLM Catalog ](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nlmcatalog?term=%22ACS+Appl+Mater+Interfaces%22%5BTitle+Abbreviation%5D) * [ Add to Search ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42713680/) . 2026 Sep 9;18(35):47237-47256. doi: 10.1021/acsami.6c02925. ### Authors [Zahra Amiri](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Amiri+Z&cauthor_id=42713680)[ 1 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42713680/#short-view-affiliation-1 "Department of Medical Nanotechnology, School of Medicine, North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences, Bojnurd94149, Iran."), [Mehdi Jahanbakhshi](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Jahanbakhshi+M&cauthor_id=42713680)[ 2 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42713680/#short-view-affiliation-2 "School of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran1417935840, Iran."), [Mohsen Momeni](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Momeni+M&cauthor_id=42713680)[ 3 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42713680/#short-view-affiliation-3 "Cancer Metabolism and Tumor Microenvironment Group, Laboratory of Tumor and Development Biology, GIGA-Cancer, University of Liège, Liège4000, Belgium."), [Ehsan Heidary](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Heidary+E&cauthor_id=42713680)[ 4 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42713680/#short-view-affiliation-4 "Department of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA94305, United States of America."), [Shaghayegh AdibAmini](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=AdibAmini+S&cauthor_id=42713680)[ 5 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42713680/#short-view-affiliation-5 "Plasma Physics Research Center, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran1477893855, Iran."), [Tara Hassani Goodarzi](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Goodarzi+TH&cauthor_id=42713680)[ 6 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42713680/#short-view-affiliation-6 "Jiann-Ping Hsu College of Public Health, Georgia Southern University, Statesboro, GA30460, United States of America."), [Arian Karimi Rouzbahani](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Rouzbahani+AK&cauthor_id=42713680)[ 7 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42713680/#short-view-affiliation-7 "Surgery Education and Researching Network \(SERGN\), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network \(USERN\), Khorramabad6813833946, Iran."), [Zahra Haghighatian](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Haghighatian+Z&cauthor_id=42713680)[ 8 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42713680/#short-view-affiliation-8 "Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad6813833946, Iran."), [Yavuz Nuri Ertas](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Ertas+YN&cauthor_id=42713680)[ 9 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42713680/#short-view-affiliation-9 "Department of Biomedical Engineering, Erciyes University, Kayseri38039, Türkiye."), [Bahareh Farasati Far](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Far+BF&cauthor_id=42713680)[ 9 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42713680/#short-view-affiliation-9 "Department of Biomedical Engineering, Erciyes University, Kayseri38039, Türkiye.") ### Affiliations * 1 Department of Medical Nanotechnology, School of Medicine, North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences, Bojnurd94149, Iran. * 2 School of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran1417935840, Iran. * 3 Cancer Metabolism and Tumor Microenvironment Group, Laboratory of Tumor and Development Biology, GIGA-Cancer, University of Liège, Liège4000, Belgium. * 4 Department of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA94305, United States of America. * 5 Plasma Physics Research Center, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran1477893855, Iran. * 6 Jiann-Ping Hsu College of Public Health, Georgia Southern University, Statesboro, GA30460, United States of America. * 7 Surgery Education and Researching Network (SERGN), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Khorramabad6813833946, Iran. * 8 Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad6813833946, Iran. * 9 Department of Biomedical Engineering, Erciyes University, Kayseri38039, Türkiye. * PMID: **42713680** * DOI: [ 10.1021/acsami.6c02925 ](https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.6c02925) Item in Clipboard Cite Display options Display options Format Abstract PubMed PMID ## Abstract Stimuli-responsive chitosan-based nanogels have attracted significant interest for drug delivery; however, many reported systems rely on synthetic crosslinkers and function primarily as passive carriers with limited control over network architecture and molecular transport. Here, we report a boswellic-acid-integrated, pH-responsive hybrid nanogel platform in which boswellic acid serves as a bioactive network modifier and hydrophobic domain-forming component within chitosan matrices. Chitosan-boswellic acid (CS-g-BOS) hydrogel precursors were first formed via formaldehyde-assisted network formation and subsequently converted into CS-g-BOS nanogels via STPP-mediated ionic condensation, yielding a shear-thinning porous hydrogel precursor and pH-responsive nanogels relevant to injectable formulation development. The triterpenoid constituents of BOS contribute to the formation of a heterogeneous network, introducing hydrophobic domains that regulate mesh size and diffusion pathways. Comprehensive physicochemical characterization (1H NMR, FTIR, SEM, AFM, DLS, zeta potential, thermal stability, and rheological analyses) showed that BOS incorporation altered nanogel morphology, swelling behavior, rheological response, and release kinetics. The nanogels exhibited high sunitinib encapsulation efficiency (95.52%) and sustained, pH-dependent drug release over 18 days, with accelerated release under acidic tumor-mimicking conditions. Among the tested kinetic models, the Korsmeyer-Peppas model provided the best fit, suggesting that sunitinib malate (SUN) release is diffusion-dominated and modulated by pH-dependent swelling of the CS-g-BOS network. In vitro studies demonstrated cytotoxic and apoptosis-inducing activity against A549 human lung cancer cells, while hemolysis assays indicated favorable blood compatibility. Mouse xenograft studies showed tumor growth suppression, and the chick CAM assay demonstrated antiangiogenic activity; however, histological alterations in the liver, lungs, and kidneys indicated that systemic safety requires further optimization. Overall, this work presents a bio-derived hybrid-network strategy that integrates nanogel network engineering, transport control, and therapeutic functionality, offering a scalable alternative to conventional chitosan nanogels for tumor-responsive drug delivery applications. **Keywords:** boswellic acid; chitosan; lung cancer; nanogel; pH-responsive release; sunitinib. © 2026 American Chemical Society. [PubMed Disclaimer](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disclaimer/) ## Similar articles * [ Development of a Multi-Stimuli-Responsive Magnetic Nanogel-Hydrogel Nanocomposite for Prolonged and Controlled Doxorubicin Release. ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40367204/) Rezanejade Bardajee G, Mahmoodian H, Shafiei N, Amiri B.Rezanejade Bardajee G, et al.Bioconjug Chem. 2025 Aug 20;36(8):1604-1627. doi: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.5c00083. Epub 2025 May 14.Bioconjug Chem. 2025.PMID: 40367204 * [ Assessment of penetration potential of pH responsive double walled biodegradable nanogels coated with eucalyptus oil for the controlled delivery of 5-fluorouracil: In vitro and ex vivo studies. ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28322977/) Sahu P, Kashaw SK, Jain S, Sau S, Iyer AK.Sahu P, et al.J Control Release. 2017 May 10;253:122-136. doi: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2017.03.023. Epub 2017 Mar 18.J Control Release. 2017.PMID: 28322977 * [ Linking interfacial behavior to thermo-diffusive cisplatin release in biopolymeric nanogels. ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42492473/) Lotfi M, Shafiee M, Sharipova A, Aidarova S, Akbotin A, Babayev A.Lotfi M, et al.Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces. 2026 Dec;268(Pt 1):115997. doi: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2026.115997. Epub 2026 Jul 21.Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces. 2026.PMID: 42492473 * [ Advancement in nanogel formulations provides controlled drug release. ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32439585/) Ahmed S, Alhareth K, Mignet N.Ahmed S, et al.Int J Pharm. 2020 Jun 30;584:119435. doi: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2020.119435. Epub 2020 May 19.Int J Pharm. 2020.PMID: 32439585Review. * [ pH-sensitive and specific ligand-conjugated chitosan nanogels for efficient drug delivery. ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31473314/) Xing L, Fan YT, Shen LJ, Yang CX, Liu XY, Ma YN, Qi LY, Cho KH, Cho CS, Jiang HL.Xing L, et al.Int J Biol Macromol. 2019 Dec 1;141:85-97. doi: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.08.237. Epub 2019 Aug 29.Int J Biol Macromol. 2019.PMID: 31473314Review. 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