---
title: "Pharmacogenomic landscape in Thailand: Array-based PGx profiling and EMR-linked medication exposure"
id: "pubmed-42545959"
canonical_url: "https://medichelpline.com/clinical-feed/pubmed-42545959"
content_type: "clinical_feed_article"
specialty: "Pharmacology"
source_name: "PubMed / NCBI"
source_url: "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42545959/"
doi: "10.1371/journal.pone.0355201"
published_at: "2026-08-03T00:00:00.000Z"
evidence_level: "Journal Article"
license: "CC-BY-NC-4.0 / Informational Use"
---
# Pharmacogenomic landscape in Thailand: Array-based PGx profiling and EMR-linked medication exposure
## Provenance & Clinical Metadata
- **Canonical URL:** https://medichelpline.com/clinical-feed/pubmed-42545959
- **Specialty:** [Pharmacology](https://medichelpline.com/clinical-feed/pharmacology.md)
- **Primary Source:** PubMed / NCBI
- **Source URL:** [Original Journal Publication](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42545959/)
- **DOI:** [10.1371/journal.pone.0355201](https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0355201)
- **Published At:** 2026-08-03T00:00:00.000Z
- **Evidence Rating:** Journal Article
## Executive GIST (TL;DR)
- This study profiled 4,662 Thai adults using an SNP-array and a pre-specified pharmacogenetic panel covering **11 genes** and **26 markers** to assign diplotypes and phenotypes. - A hybrid required/optional calling policy was used for genotype-to-phenotype assignment; overall callability across gene-results was **98.62%**. - Most genes exceeded 99% callability; **CYP2C19** callability was 95.99% and **NUDT15** was 90.28%. - Across nine phenotype-coded genes, **95.99%** of participants carried at least one CPIC-actionable result (median 2; IQR 2–3). - The most prevalent actionable phenotypes were **CYP3A5** (58.54%), **CYP2C19** (56.67%), **ABCG2** (45.10%), and **UGT1A1** (27.37%). - Electronic medical record (**EMR**) linkage showed that **1,529 (32.58%)** participants had been exposed to at least one study medication recorded in hospital prescription/dispensation data. - The most commonly recorded medications were omeprazole (n = 658), atorvastatin (n = 606), and simvastatin (n = 603). - Among medication users, actionable phenotypes were frequent for **CYP2C19–omeprazole** (55.02% of users) and **SLCO1B1–statins** (21.95–23.05% of users). - The authors conclude that an Asian-optimized SNP array can provide scalable **pharmacogenomic** phenotyping in Thai adults and that EMR linkage quantifies real-world actionable opportunities, highlighting high-yield targets for pre-emptive implementation. - Conflict of interest: the authors declared no competing interests. Copyright: open access under Creative Commons; full limitations or some methodological details were not reported in the abstract.
## Clinical Analysis & Structured Key Points
Clipboard, Search History, and several other advanced features are temporarily unavailable. [ Skip to main page content ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42545959/#article-details) ![U.S. flag](https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/coreutils/uswds/img/favicons/favicon-57.png) An official website of the United States government Here's how you know ![Dot gov](https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/coreutils/uswds/img/icon-dot-gov.svg) **The .gov means it’s official.** Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site. ![Https](https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/coreutils/uswds/img/icon-https.svg) **The site is secure.** The **https://** ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely. [ ![NIH NLM Logo](https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/coreutils/nwds/img/logos/AgencyLogo.svg) ](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/) [Log in](https://account.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?back_url=https%3A%2F%2Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2F42545959%2F) Show account info Close #### Account Logged in as: **username** * [Dashboard](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/myncbi/) * [Publications](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/myncbi/collections/bibliography/) * [Account settings](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/account/settings/) * [Log out](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/account/signout/?back_url=https%3A//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42545959/) [Access keys](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/guide/browsers/#ncbi_accesskeys) [NCBI Homepage](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov) [MyNCBI Homepage](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/myncbi/) [Main Content](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42545959/#maincontent) [Main Navigation](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42545959/) [ ![pubmed logo](https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/af7de7da-df5d-41c6-8de4-8c266af8ccfb/core/images/pubmed-logo-blue.svg) ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/) [ ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42545959/ "Show search bar") Search: [](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42545959/ "Clear search input")Search [Advanced](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/advanced/) [ Clipboard ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/clipboard/) [ User Guide ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/help/) Save Email Send to * [ Clipboard ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42545959/) * [My Bibliography](https://account.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?back_url=https%3A%2F%2Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2F42545959%2F%23open-bibliography-panel) * [Collections](https://account.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?back_url=https%3A%2F%2Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2F42545959%2F%23open-collections-panel) * [Citation manager](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42545959/) Display options Display options Format Abstract PubMed PMID ## Save citation to file Format: Summary (text) PubMed PMID Abstract (text) CSV Create file Cancel ## Email citation Email address has not been verified. Go to [ My NCBI account settings ](https://account.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/settings/) to confirm your email and then refresh this page. To: Subject: Body: Format: Summary Summary (text) Abstract Abstract (text) MeSH and other data Send email Cancel ### Add to Collections * Create a new collection * Add to an existing collection Name your collection: Name must be less than 100 characters Choose a collection: Unable to load your collection due to an error [Please try again](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42545959/) Add Cancel ### Add to My Bibliography * My Bibliography Unable to load your delegates due to an error [Please try again](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42545959/) Add Cancel ## Your saved search Name of saved search: Search terms: [Test search terms](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42545959/) Would you like email updates of new search results? Saved Search Alert Radio Buttons * Yes * No Email: ([change](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/account/settings/)) Frequency: Monthly Weekly Daily Which day? The first Sunday The first Monday The first Tuesday The first Wednesday The first Thursday The first Friday The first Saturday The first day The first weekday Which day? Sunday Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday Report format: Summary Summary (text) Abstract Abstract (text) PubMed Send at most: 1 item 5 items 10 items 20 items 50 items 100 items 200 items Send even when there aren't any new results Optional text in email: Save Cancel ## Create a file for external citation management software Create file Cancel ## Your RSS Feed Name of RSS Feed: Number of items displayed: 5 10 15 20 50 100 Create RSS Cancel RSS Link Copy ### Actions Cite Collections Add to Collections * Create a new collection * Add to an existing collection Name your collection: Name must be less than 100 characters Choose a collection: Unable to load your collection due to an error [Please try again](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42545959/) Add Cancel Permalink Permalink Copy Display options Display options Format Abstract PubMed PMID ### Page navigation * [ Title & authors ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42545959/#heading) * [ Abstract ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42545959/#abstract) * [ Conflict of interest statement ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42545959/#conflict-of-interest) * [ MeSH terms ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42545959/#mesh-terms) * [ Substances ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42545959/#substances) Title & authors Abstract Conflict of interest statement MeSH terms Substances PLoS One Actions * [ Search in PubMed ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22PLoS+One%22%5Bjour%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc) * [ Search in NLM Catalog ](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nlmcatalog?term=%22PLoS+One%22%5BTitle+Abbreviation%5D) * [ Add to Search ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42545959/) . 2026 Aug 3;21(8):e0355201. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0355201. eCollection 2026. # Pharmacogenomic landscape in Thailand: Array-based profiling and EMR-linked medication exposure [Phongthana Pasookhush](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Pasookhush+P&cauthor_id=42545959)[ 1 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42545959/#full-view-affiliation-1 "Siriraj Population Health and Nutrition Research Group, Research Department, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.")[ 2 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42545959/#full-view-affiliation-2 "Siriraj Center of Research Excellence for Diabetes and Obesity \(SiCORE-DO\), Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand."), [Sophida Suta](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Suta+S&cauthor_id=42545959)[ 1 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42545959/#full-view-affiliation-1 "Siriraj Population Health and Nutrition Research Group, Research Department, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand."), [Sureeporn Pumeiam](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Pumeiam+S&cauthor_id=42545959)[ 1 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42545959/#full-view-affiliation-1 "Siriraj Population Health and Nutrition Research Group, Research Department, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand."), [Pichanun Mongkolsucharitkul](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Mongkolsucharitkul+P&cauthor_id=42545959)[ 1 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42545959/#full-view-affiliation-1 "Siriraj Population Health and Nutrition Research Group, Research Department, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand."), [Bonggochpass Pinsawas](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Pinsawas+B&cauthor_id=42545959)[ 1 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42545959/#full-view-affiliation-1 "Siriraj Population Health and Nutrition Research Group, Research Department, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand."), [Suphawan Ophakas](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Ophakas+S&cauthor_id=42545959)[ 1 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42545959/#full-view-affiliation-1 "Siriraj Population Health and Nutrition Research Group, Research Department, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand."), [Korapat Mayurasakorn](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Mayurasakorn+K&cauthor_id=42545959)[ 1 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42545959/#full-view-affiliation-1 "Siriraj Population Health and Nutrition Research Group, Research Department, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.")[ 2 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42545959/#full-view-affiliation-2 "Siriraj Center of Research Excellence for Diabetes and Obesity \(SiCORE-DO\), Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.") Affiliations Expand ### Affiliations * 1 Siriraj Population Health and Nutrition Research Group, Research Department, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand. * 2 Siriraj Center of Research Excellence for Diabetes and Obesity (SiCORE-DO), Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand. * PMID: **42545959** * DOI: [ 10.1371/journal.pone.0355201 ](https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0355201) Item in Clipboard # Pharmacogenomic landscape in Thailand: Array-based profiling and EMR-linked medication exposure Phongthana Pasookhush et al. PLoS One. 2026. Show details Display options Display options Format Abstract PubMed PMID PLoS One Actions * [ Search in PubMed ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22PLoS+One%22%5Bjour%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc) * [ Search in NLM Catalog ](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nlmcatalog?term=%22PLoS+One%22%5BTitle+Abbreviation%5D) * [ Add to Search ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42545959/) . 2026 Aug 3;21(8):e0355201. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0355201. eCollection 2026. ### Authors [Phongthana Pasookhush](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Pasookhush+P&cauthor_id=42545959)[ 1 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42545959/#short-view-affiliation-1 "Siriraj Population Health and Nutrition Research Group, Research Department, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.")[ 2 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42545959/#short-view-affiliation-2 "Siriraj Center of Research Excellence for Diabetes and Obesity \(SiCORE-DO\), Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand."), [Sophida Suta](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Suta+S&cauthor_id=42545959)[ 1 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42545959/#short-view-affiliation-1 "Siriraj Population Health and Nutrition Research Group, Research Department, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand."), [Sureeporn Pumeiam](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Pumeiam+S&cauthor_id=42545959)[ 1 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42545959/#short-view-affiliation-1 "Siriraj Population Health and Nutrition Research Group, Research Department, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand."), [Pichanun Mongkolsucharitkul](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Mongkolsucharitkul+P&cauthor_id=42545959)[ 1 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42545959/#short-view-affiliation-1 "Siriraj Population Health and Nutrition Research Group, Research Department, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand."), [Bonggochpass Pinsawas](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Pinsawas+B&cauthor_id=42545959)[ 1 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42545959/#short-view-affiliation-1 "Siriraj Population Health and Nutrition Research Group, Research Department, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand."), [Suphawan Ophakas](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Ophakas+S&cauthor_id=42545959)[ 1 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42545959/#short-view-affiliation-1 "Siriraj Population Health and Nutrition Research Group, Research Department, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand."), [Korapat Mayurasakorn](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Mayurasakorn+K&cauthor_id=42545959)[ 1 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42545959/#short-view-affiliation-1 "Siriraj Population Health and Nutrition Research Group, Research Department, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.")[ 2 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42545959/#short-view-affiliation-2 "Siriraj Center of Research Excellence for Diabetes and Obesity \(SiCORE-DO\), Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.") ### Affiliations * 1 Siriraj Population Health and Nutrition Research Group, Research Department, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand. * 2 Siriraj Center of Research Excellence for Diabetes and Obesity (SiCORE-DO), Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand. * PMID: **42545959** * DOI: [ 10.1371/journal.pone.0355201 ](https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0355201) Item in Clipboard Cite Display options Display options Format Abstract PubMed PMID ## Abstract Pharmacogenomic (PGx) data in Thailand remain limited, and genetics-only surveys rarely quantify "realized actionability"-the overlap between actionable PGx phenotypes and real-world medication exposure. We profiled 4,662 Thai adults using SNP-array data and a pre-specified PGx panel (11 genes; 26 markers) with a hybrid required/optional calling policy for diplotype/phenotype assignment. CPIC level A/B gene-drug relationships were linked to hospital electronic medical record (EMR) prescription/dispensation data to quantify drug-specific realized actionability. Overall callability across gene-results was 98.62%, exceeding 99% for most genes and lower for CYP2C19 (95.99%) and NUDT15 (90.28%). Across nine phenotype-coded genes, 95.99% carried ≥1 CPIC-actionable result (median 2; IQR 2-3). Actionable prevalence among callable individuals was highest for CYP3A5 (58.54%) and CYP2C19 (56.67%), followed by ABCG2 (45.10%) and UGT1A1 (27.37%). EMR linkage identified 1,529 (32.58%) participants exposed to ≥1 study medication; omeprazole (n = 658) and statins were most common (atorvastatin n = 606; simvastatin n = 603). Among users, actionable phenotypes were frequent for CYP2C19-omeprazole (55.02%) and SLCO1B1-statins (21.95-23.05%). In conclusion, an Asian-optimized SNP array supports scalable PGx phenotyping in Thai adults. EMR linkage quantifies realized actionability and highlights high-yield targets (CYP2C19-proton pump inhibitors; SLCO1B1-statins) for pre-emptive implementation. Copyright: © 2026 Pasookhush et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. [PubMed Disclaimer](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disclaimer/) ## Conflict of interest statement The authors have declared that no competing interests exist. ## MeSH terms * Adult Actions * [ Search in PubMed ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Adult%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc) * [ Search in MeSH ](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Adult) * [ Add to Search ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42545959/) * Aged Actions * [ Search in PubMed ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Aged%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc) * [ Search in MeSH ](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Aged) * [ Add to Search ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42545959/) * Cytochrome P-450 CYP2C19 / genetics Actions * [ Search in PubMed ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Cytochrome+P-450+CYP2C19%2Fgenetics%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc) * [ Search in MeSH ](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Cytochrome+P-450+CYP2C19) * [ Add to Search ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42545959/) * Electronic Health Records* Actions * [ Search in PubMed ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Electronic+Health+Records%22%5BMAJR%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc) * [ Search in MeSH ](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Electronic+Health+Records) * [ Add to Search ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42545959/) * Female Actions * [ Search in PubMed ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Female%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc) * [ Search in MeSH ](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Female) * [ Add to Search ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42545959/) * Humans Actions * [ Search in PubMed ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Humans%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc) * [ Search in MeSH ](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Humans) * [ Add to Search ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42545959/) * Male Actions * [ Search in PubMed ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Male%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc) * [ Search in MeSH ](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Male) * [ Add to Search ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42545959/) * Middle Aged Actions * [ Search in PubMed ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Middle+Aged%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc) * [ Search in MeSH ](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Middle+Aged) * [ Add to Search ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42545959/) * Pharmacogenetics* / methods Actions * [ Search in PubMed ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Pharmacogenetics%2Fmethods%22%5BMAJR%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc) * [ Search in MeSH ](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Pharmacogenetics) * [ Add to Search ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42545959/) * Phenotype Actions * [ Search in PubMed ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Phenotype%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc) * [ Search in MeSH ](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Phenotype) * [ Add to Search ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42545959/) * Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide Actions * [ Search in PubMed ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Polymorphism%2C+Single+Nucleotide%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc) * [ Search in MeSH ](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Polymorphism%2C+Single+Nucleotide) * [ Add to Search ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42545959/) * Thailand Actions * [ Search in PubMed ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Thailand%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc) * [ Search in MeSH ](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Thailand) * [ Add to Search ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42545959/) ## Substances * Cytochrome P-450 CYP2C19 Actions * [ Search in PubMed ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Cytochrome+P-450+CYP2C19%22%5Bnm%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc) * [ Search in MeSH ](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=%22Cytochrome+P-450+CYP2C19%22) * [ Add to Search ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42545959/) [x] Cite Copy Download .nbib .nbib Format: AMA APA MLA NLM **Send To** * [Clipboard](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42545959/) * [Email](https://account.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?back_url=https%3A%2F%2Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2F42545959%2F%23open-email-panel) * [Save](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42545959/) * [My Bibliography](https://account.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?back_url=https%3A%2F%2Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2F42545959%2F%23open-bibliography-panel) * [Collections](https://account.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?back_url=https%3A%2F%2Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2F42545959%2F%23open-collections-panel) * [Citation Manager](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42545959/) [x] NCBI Literature Resources [MeSH](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/) [PMC](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/) [Bookshelf](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books) [Disclaimer](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disclaimer/) The PubMed wordmark and PubMed logo are registered trademarks of the U.S. Department of Health an
## Related Clinical Research

- [Undiagnosed type 2 diabetes presenting as DKA with hypertriglyceridemia-induced acute pancreatitis](https://medichelpline.com/clinical-feed/cmaj-1-undiagnosed-type-2-diabetes-presenting-as-diabetic-ketoacidosis-with.md)
- [Pharmacogenomic landscape in Thailand: Array-based PGx profiling and EMR-linked medication exposure](https://medichelpline.com/clinical-feed/plos-one-9-pharmacogenomic-landscape-in-thailand-array-based-profiling-and-emr-linked.md)
- [Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors Alter Drug-Associated Toxicity Patterns and Timing](https://medichelpline.com/clinical-feed/medrxiv-13-immune-checkpoint-blockade-modifies-drug-associated-toxicity-across-phenotypes.md)
- [Most-favored nation pharma deals target Medicaid but exempt Medicare, analysts say](https://medichelpline.com/clinical-feed/stat-news-0-stat-how-trump-s-latest-pharma-deals-may-undermine-efforts-to-rein-in-drug-costs.md)
- [Immune checkpoints in metabolic diseases and cancer: mechanisms and therapeutic potential](https://medichelpline.com/clinical-feed/pubmed-42680727.md) (DOI: 10.1038/s41392-026-02810-5)

## Navigation
- [← Back to Pharmacology Feed](https://medichelpline.com/clinical-feed/pharmacology.md)
- [← All Clinical Specialties](https://medichelpline.com/clinical-feed.md)
## Medical & Regulatory Disclaimer

> [!CAUTION]
> MedicHelpline content is structured for research, educational, and professional discovery purposes. It does not constitute individual medical advice, clinical diagnosis, or treatment recommendations.
> Always verify dosing, contraindications, and regulatory alerts against official product labeling and primary regulatory sources before clinical decision-making.