---
title: "PixelPaws: Low-cost open-source platform for automated mouse behavior scoring"
id: "biorxiv-3-pixelpaws-a-low-cost-open-source-integrated-platform-for-automated-scoring-of"
canonical_url: "https://medichelpline.com/clinical-feed/biorxiv-3-pixelpaws-a-low-cost-open-source-integrated-platform-for-automated-scoring-of"
content_type: "clinical_feed_article"
specialty: "Pharmacology"
source_name: "bioRxiv (Biomedical Preprints)"
source_url: "https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.09.19.752787v1?rss=1"
published_at: "2026-09-24T12:00:00.000Z"
evidence_level: "Verified Feed"
license: "CC-BY-NC-4.0 / Informational Use"
---
# PixelPaws: Low-cost open-source platform for automated mouse behavior scoring
## Provenance & Clinical Metadata
- **Canonical URL:** https://medichelpline.com/clinical-feed/biorxiv-3-pixelpaws-a-low-cost-open-source-integrated-platform-for-automated-scoring-of
- **Specialty:** [Pharmacology](https://medichelpline.com/clinical-feed/pharmacology.md)
- **Primary Source:** bioRxiv (Biomedical Preprints)
- **Source URL:** [Original Journal Publication](https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.09.19.752787v1?rss=1)
- **Published At:** 2026-09-24T12:00:00.000Z
- **Evidence Rating:** Verified Feed
## Executive GIST (TL;DR)
- PixelPaws is an open-source integrated platform for automated scoring of mouse behaviors developed to increase throughput and reduce observer variability in preclinical behavioral assays. - The system combines a near-infrared imaging enclosure built from consumer parts for under **$300**, multi-camera acquisition software, a bundled pose-estimation network, and a graphical user interface with eight behavior classifiers. - PixelPaws was evaluated across standard assays for **pain**, **itch**, and **opioid withdrawal**. - The platform includes classifiers for licking, scratching, and jumping; these classifiers were validated against trained human observers using a leave-one-session-out cross-validation approach. - In the formalin pain assay, classifier-scored licking reproduced the expected biphasic time course and decreased dose-dependently after oxycodone administration; the phase 2 potency estimate matched blinded manual scoring. - Chloroquine treatment produced approximately a threefold increase in scratching as measured by the platform. - Naloxone precipitated a burst of jumping in oxycodone-treated mice, detectable in the same recordings. - From recordings the team derived paw contour metrics: contour intensity decreased after formalin and tracked oxycodone doses; contour area shifted toward symmetry after oxycodone in nerve-injured mice. - Behavioral sequencing analyses revealed distinct changes in transition patterns (source text truncated; full details were not reported in the source). - The authors report no competing interests. - Funding sources include NIH grants from NIDA, NINDS, and NIDDK. - PixelPaws is positioned to lower barriers to automated behavioral scoring by offering a low-cost, consumer-parts hardware design and bundled software intended to limit the need for extensive programming expertise.
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Slivicki, [ View ORCID Profile](http://orcid.org/0009-0005-7003-6513)Hanyun Wang, Juliet M. Mwirigi, Kayla Kucz, Hunter Hua, [ View ORCID Profile](http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7522-8841)Meaghan C. Creed, [ View ORCID Profile](http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5428-4251)Robert W. Gereau IV doi: https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.09.19.752787 This article is a preprint and has not been certified by peer review [[what does this mean?](https://www.biorxiv.org/about/FAQ#unrefereed)]. Richard A. Slivicki Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis * [Find this author on Google Scholar](https://www.biorxiv.org/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&gs_type=author&author%5B0%5D=Richard%2BA.%2BSlivicki%2B "Open in new tab") * [Find this author on PubMed](https://www.biorxiv.org/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Slivicki%20RA&link_type=AUTHORSEARCH "Open in new tab") * [Search for this author on this site](https://www.biorxiv.org/search/author1%3ARichard%2BA.%2BSlivicki%2B) * [ORCID record for Richard A. Slivicki](http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3191-7749 "Open in new tab") * For correspondence: rslivicki@wustl.edu Hanyun Wang Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis * [Find this author on Google Scholar](https://www.biorxiv.org/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&gs_type=author&author%5B0%5D=Hanyun%2BWang%2B "Open in new tab") * [Find this author on PubMed](https://www.biorxiv.org/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Wang%20H&link_type=AUTHORSEARCH "Open in new tab") * [Search for this author on this site](https://www.biorxiv.org/search/author1%3AHanyun%2BWang%2B) * [ORCID record for Hanyun Wang](http://orcid.org/0009-0005-7003-6513 "Open in new tab") Juliet M. Mwirigi Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis * [Find this author on Google Scholar](https://www.biorxiv.org/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&gs_type=author&author%5B0%5D=Juliet%2BM.%2BMwirigi%2B "Open in new tab") * [Find this author on PubMed](https://www.biorxiv.org/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Mwirigi%20JM&link_type=AUTHORSEARCH "Open in new tab") * [Search for this author on this site](https://www.biorxiv.org/search/author1%3AJuliet%2BM.%2BMwirigi%2B) Kayla Kucz Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis * [Find this author on Google Scholar](https://www.biorxiv.org/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&gs_type=author&author%5B0%5D=Kayla%2BKucz%2B "Open in new tab") * [Find this author on PubMed](https://www.biorxiv.org/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Kucz%20K&link_type=AUTHORSEARCH "Open in new tab") * [Search for this author on this site](https://www.biorxiv.org/search/author1%3AKayla%2BKucz%2B) Hunter Hua Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis * [Find this author on Google Scholar](https://www.biorxiv.org/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&gs_type=author&author%5B0%5D=Hunter%2BHua%2B "Open in new tab") * [Find this author on PubMed](https://www.biorxiv.org/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Hua%20H&link_type=AUTHORSEARCH "Open in new tab") * [Search for this author on this site](https://www.biorxiv.org/search/author1%3AHunter%2BHua%2B) Meaghan C. Creed Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis * [Find this author on Google Scholar](https://www.biorxiv.org/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&gs_type=author&author%5B0%5D=Meaghan%2BC.%2BCreed%2B "Open in new tab") * [Find this author on PubMed](https://www.biorxiv.org/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Creed%20MC&link_type=AUTHORSEARCH "Open in new tab") * [Search for this author on this site](https://www.biorxiv.org/search/author1%3AMeaghan%2BC.%2BCreed%2B) * [ORCID record for Meaghan C. Creed](http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7522-8841 "Open in new tab") Robert W. Gereau IV Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis * [Find this author on Google Scholar](https://www.biorxiv.org/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&gs_type=author&author%5B0%5D=Robert%2BW.%2BGereau%2B%3Cspan%2Bclass%3D%22nlm-suffix%22%3EIV%3C/span%3E "Open in new tab") * [Find this author on PubMed](https://www.biorxiv.org/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Gereau%20RW&link_type=AUTHORSEARCH "Open in new tab") * [Search for this author on this site](https://www.biorxiv.org/search/author1%3ARobert%2BW.%2BGereau%2BIV) * [ORCID record for Robert W. Gereau IV](http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5428-4251 "Open in new tab") * [Abstract](https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.09.19.752787v1)[](https://www.biorxiv.org/panels_ajax_tab/biorxiv_tab_art/node:5809650/1) * [Info/History](https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.09.19.752787v1.article-info)[](https://www.biorxiv.org/panels_ajax_tab/biorxiv_tab_info/node:5809650/1) * [Metrics](https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.09.19.752787v1.article-metrics)[](https://www.biorxiv.org/panels_ajax_tab/article_tab_metrics/node:5809650/1) * [ Preview PDF](https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.09.19.752787v1.full.pdf+html)[](https://www.biorxiv.org/panels_ajax_tab/biorxiv_tab_pdf/node:5809650/1) ![Loading](https://www.biorxiv.org/sites/all/modules/contrib/panels_ajax_tab/images/loading.gif) ## Abstract Behavioral scoring is central to preclinical pain research but is typically performed manually, which is inherently low-throughput and subject to variability between observers. Automated alternatives exist, but cost and programming expertise limit adoption beyond the laboratories that build them. Here we describe PixelPaws, an open-source platform combining a near-infrared imaging enclosure built from consumer parts for under $300, multi-camera acquisition software, a bundled pose-estimation network, and eight classifiers in a graphical user interface. We evaluated the platform across standard assays of pain, itch, and opioid withdrawal. Licking, scratching, and jumping classifiers were validated against trained human observers by leave-one-session-out evaluation. In the formalin assay, classifier-scored licking followed the expected biphasic time course and was reduced dose-dependently by oxycodone, with a phase 2 potency estimate comparable to blinded manual scoring. Chloroquine roughly tripled scratching, and naloxone precipitated a burst of jumping in oxycodone-treated mice. From the same recordings we derived a set of paw contour metrics. Contour intensity fell after formalin and tracked the oxycodone dose series, and contour area shifted toward symmetry after oxycodone in nerve-injured mice. Behavioral sequencing revealed distinct changes in the transi ### Competing Interest Statement The authors have declared no competing interest. ## Funder Information Declared National Institute on Drug Abuse, https://ror.org/00fq5cm18, R01DA064355, R01DA062509, K99DA056691 National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, https://ror.org/01s5ya894, RM1NS135283 National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, P30DK056341 Copyright The copyright holder for this preprint is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under a [CC-BY-NC 4.0 International license](http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/). bioRxiv and medRxiv thank the following for their generous financial support: > The Chan Zuckerberg Initiative, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, the Sergey Brin Family Foundation, California Institute of Technology, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Imperial College London, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, The University of Edinburgh, University of Washington, and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam. 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