---
title: "Post‑pandemic inequalities in influenza and COVID‑19 hospitalizations by ethnicity and deprivation"
id: "pubmed-42929057"
canonical_url: "https://medichelpline.com/clinical-feed/pubmed-42929057"
content_type: "clinical_feed_article"
specialty: "Pharmacology"
source_name: "PubMed / NCBI"
source_url: "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42929057/"
doi: "10.1017/S0950268826102180"
published_at: "2026-10-26T00:00:00.000Z"
evidence_level: "Journal Article"
license: "CC-BY-NC-4.0 / Informational Use"
---
# Post‑pandemic inequalities in influenza and COVID‑19 hospitalizations by ethnicity and deprivation
## Provenance & Clinical Metadata
- **Canonical URL:** https://medichelpline.com/clinical-feed/pubmed-42929057
- **Specialty:** [Pharmacology](https://medichelpline.com/clinical-feed/pharmacology.md)
- **Primary Source:** PubMed / NCBI
- **Source URL:** [Original Journal Publication](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42929057/)
- **DOI:** [10.1017/S0950268826102180](https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0950268826102180)
- **Published At:** 2026-10-26T00:00:00.000Z
- **Evidence Rating:** Journal Article
## Executive GIST (TL;DR)
- The study examined ethnic group and socioeconomic (deprivation) inequalities in **influenza** and **COVID‑19** hospitalizations in England during 2023–2024 among vaccine‑eligible people. - Investigators used **causal mediation analysis** to estimate how much of observed inequalities were mediated by deprivation, **vaccination** uptake and comorbidities. - For influenza, odds of hospitalization were highest in the **Pakistani** and **Bangladeshi** groups compared with **White British** individuals; deprivation mediated a substantial share of this effect. - Deprivation accounted for 26% of the total ethnic effect in the Pakistani group and 41% in the Bangladeshi group for influenza hospitalizations. - Study authors observed that comorbidities contributed little to the ethnic group differences in influenza hospitalizations. - Ethnic group differences in **COVID‑19** hospitalizations were minimal in this post‑pandemic period, according to the investigators. - Across both infections, people in the most deprived group experienced disproportionately higher hospitalization than those in the least deprived group. - For influenza, lower **vaccination** uptake mediated 17%–26% of the effect of deprivation on hospitalization; for COVID‑19, after accounting for vaccination uptake and comorbidities there were no meaningful residual deprivation inequalities. - The team concluded that vaccination uptake and deprivation mediate a considerable proportion of hospitalization inequalities and recommended prioritizing improved vaccination coverage in under‑vaccinated groups. - The abstract does not report detailed sample sizes, specific modeling parameters, exact vaccination definitions, or granular demographic breakdowns; those methodological details were not provided in the source abstract.
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Affiliations Expand ### Affiliation * 1 UK Health Security Agency, UK. * PMID: **42929057** * DOI: [ 10.1017/S0950268826102180 ](https://doi.org/10.1017/s0950268826102180) Item in Clipboard # An investigation into post-pandemic ethnic group and deprivation inequalities in influenza and COVID-19 hospitalizations Meg Scott et al. Epidemiol Infect. 2026. Show details Display options Display options Format Abstract PubMed PMID Epidemiol Infect Actions * [ Search in PubMed ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Epidemiol+Infect%22%5Bjour%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc) * [ Search in NLM Catalog ](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nlmcatalog?term=%22Epidemiol+Infect%22%5BTitle+Abbreviation%5D) * [ Add to Search ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42929057/) . 2026 Oct 26:154:e139. doi: 10.1017/S0950268826102180. ### Authors [Meg Scott](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Scott+M&cauthor_id=42929057)[ 1 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42929057/#short-view-affiliation-1 "UK Health Security Agency, UK."), [Lucy Browning](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Browning+L&cauthor_id=42929057)[ 1 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42929057/#short-view-affiliation-1 "UK Health Security Agency, UK."), [Tirion Roberts](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Roberts+T&cauthor_id=42929057)[ 1 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42929057/#short-view-affiliation-1 "UK Health Security Agency, UK."), [Jessica De Boer](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=De+Boer+J&cauthor_id=42929057)[ 1 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42929057/#short-view-affiliation-1 "UK Health Security Agency, UK."), [Zoe Richardson](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Richardson+Z&cauthor_id=42929057)[ 1 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42929057/#short-view-affiliation-1 "UK Health Security Agency, UK."), [Leonardo Gada](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Gada+L&cauthor_id=42929057)[ 1 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42929057/#short-view-affiliation-1 "UK Health Security Agency, UK.") ### Affiliation * 1 UK Health Security Agency, UK. * PMID: **42929057** * DOI: [ 10.1017/S0950268826102180 ](https://doi.org/10.1017/s0950268826102180) Item in Clipboard Cite Display options Display options Format Abstract PubMed PMID Linked Discoveries ## Abstract Health system decision-makers need evidence on how modifiable factors contribute to inequalities to inform effective interventions. We examined ethnic group and deprivation inequalities in influenza and COVID-19 hospitalizations in England (2023-2024) among vaccine-eligible individuals, using causal mediation analysis to assess the roles of deprivation, vaccination uptake and comorbidities. For influenza, hospitalization odds were highest among Pakistani and Bangladeshi groups, compared with White British individuals. Deprivation mediated 26% of the total ethnic group effect for the Pakistani group and 41% for the Bangladeshi group, whilst comorbidities contributed little. Ethnic group differences in COVID-19 hospitalizations were minimal in this post-pandemic period. For both infections, the most deprived group had disproportionately high hospitalization compared to the least deprived. For influenza, vaccination uptake mediated 17%-26% of deprivation effects, whilst for COVID-19, there were no meaningful residual deprivation inequalities after including vaccination uptake and comorbidities. Vaccination uptake and deprivation mediate a substantial proportion of inequalities in hospitalization for influenza and COVID-19 in the vaccine-eligible cohort. Improving vaccination coverage in under-vaccinated groups should remain a public health priority. **Keywords:** COVID-19; Deprivation; Health inequalities; Influenza; Vaccination. 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