---
title: "Sea buckthorn leaf tea: Fermentation reduces bitterness and reveals anti–type 2 diabetes bioactives"
id: "pubmed-42105254"
canonical_url: "https://medichelpline.com/clinical-feed/pubmed-42105254"
content_type: "clinical_feed_article"
specialty: "Pharmacology"
source_name: "PubMed / NCBI"
source_url: "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42105254/"
doi: "10.1002/jsfa.70707"
published_at: "2026-08-30T00:00:00.000Z"
evidence_level: "Journal Article"
license: "CC-BY-NC-4.0 / Informational Use"
---
# Sea buckthorn leaf tea: Fermentation reduces bitterness and reveals anti–type 2 diabetes bioactives
## Provenance & Clinical Metadata
- **Canonical URL:** https://medichelpline.com/clinical-feed/pubmed-42105254
- **Specialty:** [Pharmacology](https://medichelpline.com/clinical-feed/pharmacology.md)
- **Primary Source:** PubMed / NCBI
- **Source URL:** [Original Journal Publication](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42105254/)
- **DOI:** [10.1002/jsfa.70707](https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fjsfa.70707)
- **Published At:** 2026-08-30T00:00:00.000Z
- **Evidence Rating:** Journal Article
## Executive GIST (TL;DR)
- The study evaluated how fermentation changes the flavor and bioactive profile of **sea buckthorn leaf tea (SBLT)** and examined the potential anti–type 2 diabetes (T2DM) activities of its bitter constituents. - Sensory and chromatographic analyses showed fermentation shifted aroma from fresh/grassy to roasted, caramel and woody notes and reduced perceived bitterness and astringency. - Nineteen key aroma compounds were identified; **2-ethyl-3,5-dimethylpyrazine** and **2-furylmethanol** were representative fermentation markers. - Fermentation decreased flavonoid glycosides via hydrolysis to aglycones, a principal mechanism for reduced bitterness. - Thirteen core constituents correlated strongly with bitterness; prominent examples included **epicatechin** and **procyanidin B2**. - Molecular docking indicated these bitter molecules bind bitter taste receptors **TAS2R14** and **TAS2R39** with high affinities (reported up to −8.5 kcal·mol−1). - Network pharmacology connected the bitter compounds to 874 T2DM-related targets, implicating major pathways such as **phosphoinositide 3-kinase-Akt (PI3K-Akt)** and **tumor necrosis factor (TNF)** signaling. - Core targets within the network included **AKT1**, **interleukin-6 (IL-6)** and **GAPDH**, suggesting combined anti-inflammatory and glucose-regulatory potential. - The authors conclude fermentation is an effective processing method to improve sensory quality while the bitter constituents provide a theoretical multi-target basis for SBLT as a functional dietary intervention in T2DM. - The abstract does not report specific experimental details such as fermentation parameters, sample sizes, in vitro/in vivo validation of anti-diabetic effects, or quantified concentrations of individual compounds; those details were not reported in the source abstract.
## Clinical Analysis & Structured Key Points
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Epub 2026 May 9. # Flavor and bioactive compound profiling of sea buckthorn leaf tea: Characterization of key bitter constituents and prediction of their anti-type 2 diabetes activity [Qi Sun](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Sun+Q&cauthor_id=42105254)[ 1 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42105254/#full-view-affiliation-1 "SKL of Marine Food Processing & Safety Control, National Engineering Research Center of Seafood, School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic, Dalian, China."), [Dingjiang Xuan](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Xuan+D&cauthor_id=42105254)[ 1 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42105254/#full-view-affiliation-1 "SKL of Marine Food Processing & Safety Control, National Engineering Research Center of Seafood, School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic, Dalian, China."), [Dong Chen](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Chen+D&cauthor_id=42105254)[ 1 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42105254/#full-view-affiliation-1 "SKL of Marine Food Processing & Safety Control, National Engineering Research Center of Seafood, School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic, Dalian, China."), [Zheng Zhou](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Zhou+Z&cauthor_id=42105254)[ 1 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42105254/#full-view-affiliation-1 "SKL of Marine Food Processing & Safety Control, National Engineering Research Center of Seafood, School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic, Dalian, China."), [Yujie Zhou](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Zhou+Y&cauthor_id=42105254)[ 1 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42105254/#full-view-affiliation-1 "SKL of Marine Food Processing & Safety Control, National Engineering Research Center of Seafood, School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic, Dalian, China."), [Zhaofang Liu](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Liu+Z&cauthor_id=42105254)[ 1 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42105254/#full-view-affiliation-1 "SKL of Marine Food Processing & Safety Control, National Engineering Research Center of Seafood, School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic, Dalian, China."), [Yan Ding](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Ding+Y&cauthor_id=42105254)[ 1 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42105254/#full-view-affiliation-1 "SKL of Marine Food Processing & Safety Control, National Engineering Research Center of Seafood, School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic, Dalian, China.") Affiliations Expand ### Affiliation * 1 SKL of Marine Food Processing & Safety Control, National Engineering Research Center of Seafood, School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic, Dalian, China. * PMID: **42105254** * DOI: [ 10.1002/jsfa.70707 ](https://doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.70707) Item in Clipboard # Flavor and bioactive compound profiling of sea buckthorn leaf tea: Characterization of key bitter constituents and prediction of their anti-type 2 diabetes activity Qi Sun et al. J Sci Food Agric. 2026. Show details Display options Display options Format Abstract PubMed PMID J Sci Food Agric Actions * [ Search in PubMed ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22J+Sci+Food+Agric%22%5Bjour%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc) * [ Search in NLM Catalog ](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nlmcatalog?term=%22J+Sci+Food+Agric%22%5BTitle+Abbreviation%5D) * [ Add to Search ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42105254/) . 2026 Aug 30;106(11):6709-6724. doi: 10.1002/jsfa.70707. Epub 2026 May 9. ### Authors [Qi Sun](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Sun+Q&cauthor_id=42105254)[ 1 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42105254/#short-view-affiliation-1 "SKL of Marine Food Processing & Safety Control, National Engineering Research Center of Seafood, School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic, Dalian, China."), [Dingjiang Xuan](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Xuan+D&cauthor_id=42105254)[ 1 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42105254/#short-view-affiliation-1 "SKL of Marine Food Processing & Safety Control, National Engineering Research Center of Seafood, School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic, Dalian, China."), [Dong Chen](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Chen+D&cauthor_id=42105254)[ 1 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42105254/#short-view-affiliation-1 "SKL of Marine Food Processing & Safety Control, National Engineering Research Center of Seafood, School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic, Dalian, China."), [Zheng Zhou](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Zhou+Z&cauthor_id=42105254)[ 1 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42105254/#short-view-affiliation-1 "SKL of Marine Food Processing & Safety Control, National Engineering Research Center of Seafood, School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic, Dalian, China."), [Yujie Zhou](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Zhou+Y&cauthor_id=42105254)[ 1 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42105254/#short-view-affiliation-1 "SKL of Marine Food Processing & Safety Control, National Engineering Research Center of Seafood, School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic, Dalian, China."), [Zhaofang Liu](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Liu+Z&cauthor_id=42105254)[ 1 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42105254/#short-view-affiliation-1 "SKL of Marine Food Processing & Safety Control, National Engineering Research Center of Seafood, School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic, Dalian, China."), [Yan Ding](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Ding+Y&cauthor_id=42105254)[ 1 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42105254/#short-view-affiliation-1 "SKL of Marine Food Processing & Safety Control, National Engineering Research Center of Seafood, School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic, Dalian, China.") ### Affiliation * 1 SKL of Marine Food Processing & Safety Control, National Engineering Research Center of Seafood, School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic, Dalian, China. * PMID: **42105254** * DOI: [ 10.1002/jsfa.70707 ](https://doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.70707) Item in Clipboard Full text links Cite Display options Display options Format Abstract PubMed PMID ## Abstract **Background:** Sea buckthorn leaves possess significant nutritional and medicinal properties but suffer from poor consumer acceptance as a result of their pronounced bitterness and astringency. However, these aversive bitter constituents often correspond to valuable bioactive compounds. The present study aimed to investigate how fermentation modulates the flavor profile of sea buckthorn leaf tea (SBLT) and to explore the potential anti-diabetic bioactivities of its core bitter components. **Results:** Sensory and chromatographic analyses revealed that fermentation significantly altered the chemical composition of SBLT. Fermentation shifted the aroma from fresh and grassy to a complex profile of roasted, caramel and woody notes. Nineteen key aroma compounds were identified, with 2-ethyl-3,5-dimethylpyrazine and 2-furylmethanol serving as representative markers. Crucially, fermentation mitigated bitterness and astringency primarily through the hydrolysis of flavonoid glycosides into aglycones. Thirteen core constituents were found to be highly correlated with bitterness, including epicatechin and procyanidin B2. Molecular docking confirmed that these bitter-tasting molecules exhibit high binding affinities (up to -8.5 kcal mol-1) with bitter receptors TAS2R14 and TAS2R39. Network pharmacology further demonstrated that these bitter compounds synergistically target 874 type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM)-related nodes, primarily modulating the phosphoinositide 3-kinase-Akt and tumor necrosis factor signaling pathways through core targets such as AKT1, interleukin-6 and GAPDH. **Conclusion:** Fermentation is an effective processing strategy that enhances the sensory quality of SBLT by reducing bitterness and enriching roasted aromas. The multi-target network analysis underscores that these bitter constituents act as key anti-inflammatory and glucose-regulating agents, providing a strong theoretical basis for SBLT as a functional dietary intervention for T2DM. © 2026 Society of Chemical Industry. **Keywords:** active compounds; homology of medicine and food; sea buckthorn leaf tea; sensory evaluation; type 2 diabetes. © 2026 Society of Chemical Industry. [PubMed Disclaimer](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disclaimer/) ## Similar articles * [ Integrating serum pharmacochemistry and network pharmacology to elucidate the bioactive constituents and pharmacological mechanisms of Simiao Yong'an decoction in amelioration of insulin resistance in type 2 diabetes mellitus via PI3K/AKT pathway. ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41974236/) Zhang X, Zhou Y, Zhou H, Wang P, Huang Y, Lin X, Xie F, Zhang Y, Zhou J, Fu C, Zhang Z.Zhang X, et al.J Ethnopharmacol. 2026 Aug 10;367:121610. doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2026.121610. Epub 2026 Apr 11.J Ethnopharmacol. 2026.PMID: 41974236 * [ Combining non-targeted and targeted metabolomics to study key bitter and astringent substances of Liupao tea. ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39637669/) Chen C, Huang L, Xia N, Teng J, Zhang Q, Zhu P, Wang H, Deng H.Chen C, et al.Food Chem. 2025 Mar 1;467:142289. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.142289. Epub 2024 Nov 29.Food Chem. 2025.PMID: 39637669 * [ Co-fermentation of Ampelopsis grossedentata with Camellia sinensis reduces bitterness, enhances sweet aroma, and generates novel bioactive theaflavin analogues. ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42235235/) Li SR, Yang Z, Song N, Li JY, Zhang YX, Li H, Zhang P, Song YL, Sun Y, Qian K, Zhang DW, Bao GH.Li SR, et al.Food Chem. 2026 Aug 30;521:149857. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2026.149857. Epub 2026 May 28.Food Chem. 2026.PMID: 42235235 * [ Integrated serum pharmacochemistry and network pharmacology analyses reveal the bioactive metabolites and potential functional mechanism of ground cherry (Physalis pruinosa L.) in treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus in rats. ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36162547/) Mahana A, Hammoda HM, Khalifa AA, Elblehi SS, Harraz FM, Shawky E.Mahana A, et al.J Ethnopharmacol. 2023 Jan 10;300:115750. doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2022.115750. Epub 2022 Sep 24.J Ethnopharmacol. 2023.PMID: 36162547 * [ Flavor perception and biological activities of bitter compounds in food. ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40057996/) Luo T, He Y, Jiang L, Yang L, Hou X, Shen G, Cui Q, Yu J, Ke J, Chen S, Zhang Z.Luo T, et al.Food Chem. 2025 Jun 15;477:143532. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2025.143532. Epub 2025 Feb 25.Food Chem. 2025.PMID: 40057996 [ See all similar articles ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?linkname=pubmed_pubmed&from_uid=42105254) ## References 1. 1. Zhang H, Song G, Ma W, Guo M, Ling X, Yu D et al., Microencapsulation protects the biological activity of sea buckthorn seed oil. Front Nutr 9:1043879 (2023). . 2. 1. Lee DE, Park KH, Hong J‐H, Kim SH, Park K‐M and Kim KH, Anti‐osteoporosis effects of triterpenoids from the fruit of sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides) through the promotion of osteoblast differentiation in mesenchymal stem cells, C3H10T1/2. Arch Pharm Res 46:771–781 (2023). . 3. 1. Liu Y, Zhang Y, Zhang J, Fan G, Tu Y, Sun S et al., Rapid discrimination of sea buckthorn berries from different H. Rhamnoides subspecies by multi‐step IR spectroscopy coupled with multivariate data analysis. Infrared Phys Technol 89:154–160 (2018). . 4. 1. Andersone A, Janceva S, Lauberte L, Zaharova N, Chervenkov M, Jurkjane V et al., Granulated animal feed and fuel based on sea buckthorn agro‐waste biomass for sustainable berry production. Sustainability 15:11152 (2023). . 5. 1. Liu C, Yi X, Li Y, Xu H, Wang P, Yang W et al., Cianidanol from sea buckthorn exert anti‐inflammatory effects by the inhibiting JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathway via an integrative pharmacology strategy. Plant Foods Hum Nutr 80:40 (2025) . Show all 51 references ## MeSH terms * Catechin / chemistry Actions * [ Search in PubMed ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Catechin%2Fchemistry%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc) * [ Search in MeSH ](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Catechin) * [ Add to Search ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42105254/) * Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2* / drug therapy Actions * [ Search in PubMed ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Diabetes+Mellitus%2C+Type+2%2Fdrug+therapy%22%5BMAJR%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc) * [ Search in MeSH ](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Diabetes+Mellitus%2C+Type+2) * [ Add to Search ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42105254/) * Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2* / genetics Actions * [ Search in PubMed ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Diabetes+Mellitus%2C+Type+2%2Fgenetics%22%5BMAJR%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc) * [ Search in MeSH ](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Diabetes+Mellitus%2C+Type+2) * [ Add to Search ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42105254/) * Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2* / metabolism Actions * [ Search in PubMed ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Diabetes+Mellitus%2C+Type+2%2Fmetabolism%22%5BMAJR%5D&sort=date&sort_o
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