---
title: "Shifts in Public Awareness of Influenza and Vaccine Acceptance Before, During, and After COVID-19"
id: "pubmed-42621836"
canonical_url: "https://medichelpline.com/clinical-feed/pubmed-42621836"
content_type: "clinical_feed_article"
specialty: "Pharmacology"
source_name: "PubMed / NCBI"
source_url: "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42621836/"
doi: "10.1080/07853890.2026.2708521"
published_at: "2026-08-20T12:00:00.000Z"
evidence_level: "Journal Article"
license: "CC-BY-NC-4.0 / Informational Use"
---
# Shifts in Public Awareness of Influenza and Vaccine Acceptance Before, During, and After COVID-19
## Provenance & Clinical Metadata
- **Canonical URL:** https://medichelpline.com/clinical-feed/pubmed-42621836
- **Specialty:** [Pharmacology](https://medichelpline.com/clinical-feed/pharmacology.md)
- **Primary Source:** PubMed / NCBI
- **Source URL:** [Original Journal Publication](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42621836/)
- **DOI:** [10.1080/07853890.2026.2708521](https://doi.org/10.1080%2F07853890.2026.2708521)
- **Published At:** 2026-08-20T12:00:00.000Z
- **Evidence Rating:** Journal Article
## Executive GIST (TL;DR)
- A cross-sectional survey in **Yemen** assessed temporal changes in public knowledge of **influenza** and attitudes toward its **vaccine** across three pandemic phases: before (Phase‑I), during (Phase‑II), and after (Phase‑III) COVID‑19. - A total of 1,856 participants completed the questionnaire: Phase‑I = 433, Phase‑II = 981, Phase‑III = 442. - Overall **influenza awareness** increased in Phases II and III compared with Phase I; the primary information sources shifted over time. - Despite increased awareness, there was a documented decline in reported willingness for future **influenza vaccination** across the study timeline. - Participants in Phases II and III were more likely to accept vaccination if endorsed by **government** and **doctors**, if the vaccine was confirmed **safe and effective**, and if it was provided **free of charge** by authorities. - The investigators used logistic regression and **machine‑learning** models to identify predictors of high influenza awareness and future vaccine acceptance in each phase; specific predictor variables and effect sizes were not reported in the abstract. - Authors frame findings as illustrating dynamic **vaccine behaviour** in a fragile, low‑income setting and offering actionable information for health authorities to tailor vaccination campaigns and policies during pandemics and crises. - The study highlights the influence of the COVID‑19 pandemic on perceptions of other respiratory infections but the abstract does not report detailed demographics, survey instrument items, timing windows for each phase, or specific predictor results.
## Clinical Analysis & Structured Key Points
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Epub 2026 Aug 20. # Temporal shifts in public perceptions of influenza and its vaccine before, during, and after COVID-19 in a fragile nation [Wesam S Ahmed](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Ahmed+WS&cauthor_id=42621836)[ 1 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42621836/#full-view-affiliation-1 "College of Health and Life Sciences, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha, Qatar."), [Abdulsalam M Halboup](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Halboup+AM&cauthor_id=42621836)[ 2 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42621836/#full-view-affiliation-2 "Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Science and Technology, Sana'a, Yemen.")[ 3 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42621836/#full-view-affiliation-3 "Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia."), [Hamada R H Al-Absi](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Al-Absi+HRH&cauthor_id=42621836)[ 4 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42621836/#full-view-affiliation-4 "Department of Computer and Software Engineering, Barzan University College, Doha, Qatar."), [Sayida Al-Jamei](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Al-Jamei+S&cauthor_id=42621836)[ 5 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42621836/#full-view-affiliation-5 "Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Yemen University, Sana'a, Yemen."), [Ahmed Al-Mohamadi](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Al-Mohamadi+A&cauthor_id=42621836)[ 2 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42621836/#full-view-affiliation-2 "Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Science and Technology, Sana'a, Yemen."), [Arwa Alshargabi](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Alshargabi+A&cauthor_id=42621836)[ 6 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42621836/#full-view-affiliation-6 "Pharmacy Department, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Saba University, Sana'a, Yemen."), [Yousf K Al-Ashbat](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Al-Ashbat+YK&cauthor_id=42621836)[ 7 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42621836/#full-view-affiliation-7 "Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Razi University, Sana'a, Yemen."), [Karem H Alzoubi](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Alzoubi+KH&cauthor_id=42621836)[ 8 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42621836/#full-view-affiliation-8 "Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar.") Affiliations Expand ### Affiliations * 1 College of Health and Life Sciences, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha, Qatar. * 2 Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Science and Technology, Sana'a, Yemen. * 3 Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia. * 4 Department of Computer and Software Engineering, Barzan University College, Doha, Qatar. * 5 Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Yemen University, Sana'a, Yemen. * 6 Pharmacy Department, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Saba University, Sana'a, Yemen. * 7 Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Razi University, Sana'a, Yemen. * 8 Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar. * PMID: **42621836** * DOI: [ 10.1080/07853890.2026.2708521 ](https://doi.org/10.1080/07853890.2026.2708521) Item in Clipboard # Temporal shifts in public perceptions of influenza and its vaccine before, during, and after COVID-19 in a fragile nation Wesam S Ahmed et al. Ann Med. 2026 Dec. Show details Display options Display options Format Abstract PubMed PMID Ann Med Actions * [ Search in PubMed ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Ann+Med%22%5Bjour%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc) * [ Search in NLM Catalog ](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nlmcatalog?term=%22Ann+Med%22%5BTitle+Abbreviation%5D) * [ Add to Search ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42621836/) . 2026 Dec;58(1):2708521. doi: 10.1080/07853890.2026.2708521. Epub 2026 Aug 20. ### Authors [Wesam S Ahmed](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Ahmed+WS&cauthor_id=42621836)[ 1 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42621836/#short-view-affiliation-1 "College of Health and Life Sciences, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha, Qatar."), [Abdulsalam M Halboup](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Halboup+AM&cauthor_id=42621836)[ 2 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42621836/#short-view-affiliation-2 "Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Science and Technology, Sana'a, Yemen.")[ 3 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42621836/#short-view-affiliation-3 "Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia."), [Hamada R H Al-Absi](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Al-Absi+HRH&cauthor_id=42621836)[ 4 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42621836/#short-view-affiliation-4 "Department of Computer and Software Engineering, Barzan University College, Doha, Qatar."), [Sayida Al-Jamei](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Al-Jamei+S&cauthor_id=42621836)[ 5 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42621836/#short-view-affiliation-5 "Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Yemen University, Sana'a, Yemen."), [Ahmed Al-Mohamadi](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Al-Mohamadi+A&cauthor_id=42621836)[ 2 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42621836/#short-view-affiliation-2 "Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Science and Technology, Sana'a, Yemen."), [Arwa Alshargabi](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Alshargabi+A&cauthor_id=42621836)[ 6 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42621836/#short-view-affiliation-6 "Pharmacy Department, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Saba University, Sana'a, Yemen."), [Yousf K Al-Ashbat](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Al-Ashbat+YK&cauthor_id=42621836)[ 7 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42621836/#short-view-affiliation-7 "Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Razi University, Sana'a, Yemen."), [Karem H Alzoubi](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Alzoubi+KH&cauthor_id=42621836)[ 8 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42621836/#short-view-affiliation-8 "Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar.") ### Affiliations * 1 College of Health and Life Sciences, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha, Qatar. * 2 Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Science and Technology, Sana'a, Yemen. * 3 Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia. * 4 Department of Computer and Software Engineering, Barzan University College, Doha, Qatar. * 5 Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Yemen University, Sana'a, Yemen. * 6 Pharmacy Department, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Saba University, Sana'a, Yemen. * 7 Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Razi University, Sana'a, Yemen. * 8 Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar. * PMID: **42621836** * DOI: [ 10.1080/07853890.2026.2708521 ](https://doi.org/10.1080/07853890.2026.2708521) Item in Clipboard Cite Display options Display options Format Abstract PubMed PMID ## Abstract **Background:** Since the emergence of the COVID-19 pandemic, co-infection with COVID-19 and influenza has been associated with adverse health and economic outcomes. Emerging evidence suggests that the COVID-19 pandemic has influenced public perception of infections, including influenza, and acceptance of its vaccine. **Objectives:** To assess temporal shifts in public knowledge of influenza and attitudes toward its vaccine before (Phase-I), during (Phase-II), and after (Phase-III) the COVID-19 pandemic in Yemen, a low-income, fragile nation. **Methods:** A survey questionnaire was distributed to the public in Yemen, and a total of 1,856 participants completed the survey (Phase-I = 433, Phase-II = 981, Phase-III = 442). **Results:** There was an overall increase in influenza awareness in Phases-II and III compared to Phase-I. This rise was paralleled by a change in the source from which participants gathered information about influenza. Although awareness increased, a decline in future influenza vaccine acceptance was observed. However, participants in Phases II and III showed greater willingness to receive the vaccine if it was endorsed by the government and doctors, confirmed to be safe and effective, and provided at no cost by the authorities. Logistic regression and machine-learning models highlighted predictors of high influenza awareness and future vaccine acceptance among participants in each phase. **Conclusion:** The findings illustrate vaccine behaviour dynamics in a fragile country across the pandemic timeline and provide actionable insights for health authorities for designing effective vaccination campaigns and implementing vaccination policies tailored to the unique challenges faced during pandemics and health crises. **Keywords:** COVID-19; LMIC; Yemen; awareness; conflict; fragile nation; influenza; pandemic; perceptions; vaccine. 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