---
title: "Trends in Pharmacy vs Medical Setting Vaccination Among US Medicaid Recipients, 2018–2023"
id: "pubmed-42596755"
canonical_url: "https://medichelpline.com/clinical-feed/pubmed-42596755"
content_type: "clinical_feed_article"
specialty: "Pharmacology"
source_name: "PubMed / NCBI"
source_url: "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42596755/"
doi: "10.1080/14760584.2026.2715854"
published_at: "2026-08-14T09:46:35.000Z"
evidence_level: "Journal Article"
license: "CC-BY-NC-4.0 / Informational Use"
---
# Trends in Pharmacy vs Medical Setting Vaccination Among US Medicaid Recipients, 2018–2023
## Provenance & Clinical Metadata
- **Canonical URL:** https://medichelpline.com/clinical-feed/pubmed-42596755
- **Specialty:** [Pharmacology](https://medichelpline.com/clinical-feed/pharmacology.md)
- **Primary Source:** PubMed / NCBI
- **Source URL:** [Original Journal Publication](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42596755/)
- **DOI:** [10.1080/14760584.2026.2715854](https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14760584.2026.2715854)
- **Published At:** 2026-08-14T09:46:35.000Z
- **Evidence Rating:** Journal Article
## Executive GIST (TL;DR)
- This retrospective claims analysis evaluated trends from 1 January 2018 through 31 December 2023 in where Medicaid beneficiaries aged ≥9 received routine and seasonal **vaccinations**, comparing pharmacy-based to medical setting administration. - The study population comprised Medicaid enrollees in the United States; analyses assessed the percentage of all vaccinations administered at **pharmacies** and overall changes in vaccination rates over the period. - Overall, many routine and seasonal vaccine administration rates in Medicaid beneficiaries remained lower in 2023 than in the 2018–2019 pre-pandemic period. Declines were reported for **HPV**, **influenza**, and tetanus-containing (Tdap/Td) vaccines in adolescents, and for hepatitis A, influenza, meningococcal, pneumococcal, and Tdap/Td vaccines in various adult age groups. - Despite declines in overall vaccination rates, the **proportion** of vaccinations administered at pharmacies increased across the study period for adults. Notable increases of 5.2–17.5 percentage points at pharmacies were observed for hepatitis A, hepatitis B, **HPV**, meningococcal, pneumococcal, and tetanus-containing vaccines among adults aged 19–49. - By race/ethnicity, pharmacy-based vaccination was most frequent in White enrollees, then Black enrollees, and then Hispanic enrollees across age groups; differences were smaller among adults aged ≥65. - The authors conclude that overall vaccine administration declined in Medicaid beneficiaries after the COVID-19 disruption, but pharmacies are increasingly delivering a larger share of vaccinations. - The analysis is framed as relevant to policy and access: pharmacies may help improve access to routine and seasonal vaccines for underserved Medicaid populations, potentially reducing disparities if access is expanded. - Keywords and scope include adolescent, adult, aged, Medicaid, pharmacies, COVID-19 pandemic, retrospective study, vaccination trends, and United States data.
## Clinical Analysis & Structured Key Points
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Epub 2026 Aug 14. # Trends in vaccination in pharmacy and medical settings among Medicaid recipients in the United States, 2018-2023: a claims analysis [Amanda L Eiden](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Eiden+AL&cauthor_id=42596755)[ 1 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42596755/#full-view-affiliation-1 "Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ, USA."), [Yi Zheng](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Zheng+Y&cauthor_id=42596755)[ 1 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42596755/#full-view-affiliation-1 "Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ, USA."), [Kevin M Bakker](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Bakker+KM&cauthor_id=42596755)[ 1 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42596755/#full-view-affiliation-1 "Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ, USA."), [Dong Wang](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Wang+D&cauthor_id=42596755)[ 1 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42596755/#full-view-affiliation-1 "Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ, USA."), [Marcie Fisher-Borne](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Fisher-Borne+M&cauthor_id=42596755)[ 1 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42596755/#full-view-affiliation-1 "Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ, USA.") Affiliations Expand ### Affiliation * 1 Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ, USA. * PMID: **42596755** * DOI: [ 10.1080/14760584.2026.2715854 ](https://doi.org/10.1080/14760584.2026.2715854) Item in Clipboard # Trends in vaccination in pharmacy and medical settings among Medicaid recipients in the United States, 2018-2023: a claims analysis Amanda L Eiden et al. Expert Rev Vaccines. 2026 Dec. Show details Display options Display options Format Abstract PubMed PMID Expert Rev Vaccines Actions * [ Search in PubMed ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Expert+Rev+Vaccines%22%5Bjour%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc) * [ Search in NLM Catalog ](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nlmcatalog?term=%22Expert+Rev+Vaccines%22%5BTitle+Abbreviation%5D) * [ Add to Search ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42596755/) . 2026 Dec;25(1):2715854. doi: 10.1080/14760584.2026.2715854. Epub 2026 Aug 14. ### Authors [Amanda L Eiden](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Eiden+AL&cauthor_id=42596755)[ 1 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42596755/#short-view-affiliation-1 "Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ, USA."), [Yi Zheng](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Zheng+Y&cauthor_id=42596755)[ 1 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42596755/#short-view-affiliation-1 "Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ, USA."), [Kevin M Bakker](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Bakker+KM&cauthor_id=42596755)[ 1 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42596755/#short-view-affiliation-1 "Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ, USA."), [Dong Wang](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Wang+D&cauthor_id=42596755)[ 1 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42596755/#short-view-affiliation-1 "Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ, USA."), [Marcie Fisher-Borne](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Fisher-Borne+M&cauthor_id=42596755)[ 1 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42596755/#short-view-affiliation-1 "Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ, USA.") ### Affiliation * 1 Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ, USA. * PMID: **42596755** * DOI: [ 10.1080/14760584.2026.2715854 ](https://doi.org/10.1080/14760584.2026.2715854) Item in Clipboard Cite Display options Display options Format Abstract PubMed PMID ## Abstract **Background:** Medicaid beneficiaries typically have low vaccination rates, in part due to limited access. Pharmacies provide easy-to-access locations for vaccination. **Research design and methods:** This was a retrospective analysis of trends in pharmacy-based vaccination by age and race or ethnicity among Medicaid recipients aged ≥9 from 1 January 2018 (before the COVID-19 pandemic) to 31 December 2023. The percentage of all vaccinations administered at pharmacies and the overall percentage change in vaccination rates were determined. **Results:** With some exceptions, overall routine and seasonal vaccination rates remained lower in 2023 than in 2018-2019. This was observed for human papillomavirus (HPV), influenza, and tetanus-containing (Tdap/Td) vaccines in adolescents and for hepatitis A, influenza, meningococcal, pneumococcal, and Tdap/Td vaccines in various adult age groups. The percentage of routine and seasonal vaccinations administered at pharmacies increased over the study period among adults, with increases of 5.2-17.5 percentage points for hepatitis A, hepatitis B, HPV, meningococcal, pneumococcal, and tetanus-containing vaccines among those aged 19-49. Across age groups, pharmacy-based vaccination was most frequent in White enrollees, followed by Black and then Hispanic enrollees, with smaller differentials in adults aged ≥65. **Conclusions:** Generally overall vaccine administration rates declined in Medicaid beneficiaries; however, the proportion administered at pharmacies increased. **Keywords:** Adolescent; COVID-19; Medicaid; adult; pandemic; pharmacies; vaccination. ## Plain language summary The COVID-19 pandemic caused significant disruptions to the healthcare system in the United States, and vaccination rates have not yet recovered to pre-pandemic levels for many populations. Adults covered by Medicaid often have lower vaccination rates than people with other types of insurance, partly due to barriers in accessing healthcare. Pharmacies can help fill this gap by offering vaccines in convenient, non-medical, community settings. The objective of this study was to examine pharmacy-based vaccination among Medicaid beneficiaries from 2018 (before the COVID-19 pandemic) to 2023 (after the COVID-19 pandemic). This study found that, while most routine and seasonal vaccination rates declined among adolescents, teenagers, and adults during the study period, the percentage of vaccinations given in pharmacies increased overall. Looking at results by race or ethnicity, pharmacy vaccination was generally most common among White adults, followed by Black and then Hispanic adults, with smaller differences observed among older adults (65+). As public health policies continue to evolve, pharmacies are expected to remain an important resource for improving access to both routine and seasonal vaccines in underserved populations. Expanding access to pharmacy vaccination for Medicaid beneficiaries may help improve vaccine uptake and reduce disparities across communities. 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