---
title: "Tumor-infiltrating B cells in cancer: functions, mechanisms and therapeutic implications"
id: "pubmed-42706236"
canonical_url: "https://medichelpline.com/clinical-feed/pubmed-42706236"
content_type: "clinical_feed_article"
specialty: "Pharmacology"
source_name: "PubMed / NCBI"
source_url: "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42706236/"
doi: "10.1038/s41392-026-02811-4"
published_at: "2026-09-08T00:00:00.000Z"
evidence_level: "Journal Article"
license: "CC-BY-NC-4.0 / Informational Use"
---
# Tumor-infiltrating B cells in cancer: functions, mechanisms and therapeutic implications
## Provenance & Clinical Metadata
- **Canonical URL:** https://medichelpline.com/clinical-feed/pubmed-42706236
- **Specialty:** [Pharmacology](https://medichelpline.com/clinical-feed/pharmacology.md)
- **Primary Source:** PubMed / NCBI
- **Source URL:** [Original Journal Publication](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42706236/)
- **DOI:** [10.1038/s41392-026-02811-4](https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41392-026-02811-4)
- **Published At:** 2026-09-08T00:00:00.000Z
- **Evidence Rating:** Journal Article
## Executive GIST (TL;DR)
- Across multiple cancer types, diverse subtypes of **tumor-infiltrating B cells** (TIL-Bs) are present and display high functional adaptability within the tumor microenvironment. - TIL-Bs contribute to formation of **tertiary lymphoid structures**, secrete a range of soluble factors, and produce a broad **antibody repertoire**, all of which influence antitumor immunity and correlate with **immunotherapy response**. - The roles of TIL-Bs in cancer are heterogeneous: they can support antitumor immunity or promote tumor progression depending on subtype, context, and intercellular interactions. - Signaling pathways, cellular crosstalk, and multilevel regulation (including local microenvironmental cues) determine B-cell phenotype and function in tumors. - Emerging clinical data indicate that targeting TIL-Bs can be an effective therapeutic strategy across tumor types such as breast cancer, colorectal carcinoma, and non-small cell lung cancer, potentially reducing nonresponse, drug resistance, and immune-related adverse events. - Surface molecules on TIL-Bs, including **immune checkpoints** and other therapeutic targets, provide rationales for new interventions aimed at modulating B-cell activity in cancer. - The review synthesizes historical development, classification, mechanistic insights, and therapeutic potential of B cells in oncology to guide future research and clinical translation.
## Clinical Analysis & Structured Key Points
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B cells in cancer: functions, mechanisms and therapeutic advances [Hao Zhang](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Zhang+H&cauthor_id=42706236)[#](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42706236/#full-view-equal-contrib-explanation "Contributed equally")[ 1 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42706236/#full-view-affiliation-1 "Division of Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China."), [Kun Cheng](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Cheng+K&cauthor_id=42706236)[#](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42706236/#full-view-equal-contrib-explanation "Contributed equally")[ 1 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42706236/#full-view-affiliation-1 "Division of Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China."), [Ji Mo](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Mo+J&cauthor_id=42706236)[#](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42706236/#full-view-equal-contrib-explanation "Contributed equally")[ 1 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42706236/#full-view-affiliation-1 "Division of Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China."), [Mingrui Chen](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Chen+M&cauthor_id=42706236)[ 1 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42706236/#full-view-affiliation-1 "Division of Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China."), [Ziran Zhou](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Zhou+Z&cauthor_id=42706236)[ 1 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42706236/#full-view-affiliation-1 "Division of Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China."), [Zhe Wang](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Wang+Z&cauthor_id=42706236)[ 2 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42706236/#full-view-affiliation-2 "Department of Gastroenterology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China."), [Zheng Yang](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Yang+Z&cauthor_id=42706236)[ 3 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42706236/#full-view-affiliation-3 "Cancer Center, Hubei Key Laboratory of Precision Radiation Oncology, Institute of Radiation Oncology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China."), [Xiaoping Chen](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Chen+X&cauthor_id=42706236)[ 4 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42706236/#full-view-affiliation-4 "Division of Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China. chenxpchenxp@163.com.")[ 5 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42706236/#full-view-affiliation-5 "Hubei Key Laboratory of Hepao-Pancreato-Biliary Disease, Wuhan, Hubei, China. chenxpchenxp@163.com.")[ 6 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42706236/#full-view-affiliation-6 "Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Education, NHC Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, China. chenxpchenxp@163.com."), [Wanguang Zhang](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Zhang+W&cauthor_id=42706236)[ 7 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42706236/#full-view-affiliation-7 "Division of Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China. wgzhang@tjh.tjmu.edu.cn.")[ 8 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42706236/#full-view-affiliation-8 "Hubei Key Laboratory of Hepao-Pancreato-Biliary Disease, Wuhan, Hubei, China. wgzhang@tjh.tjmu.edu.cn.")[ 9 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42706236/#full-view-affiliation-9 "Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Education, NHC Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, China. wgzhang@tjh.tjmu.edu.cn.") Affiliations Expand ### Affiliations * 1 Division of Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China. * 2 Department of Gastroenterology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China. * 3 Cancer Center, Hubei Key Laboratory of Precision Radiation Oncology, Institute of Radiation Oncology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China. * 4 Division of Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China. chenxpchenxp@163.com. * 5 Hubei Key Laboratory of Hepao-Pancreato-Biliary Disease, Wuhan, Hubei, China. chenxpchenxp@163.com. * 6 Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Education, NHC Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, China. chenxpchenxp@163.com. * 7 Division of Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China. wgzhang@tjh.tjmu.edu.cn. * 8 Hubei Key Laboratory of Hepao-Pancreato-Biliary Disease, Wuhan, Hubei, China. wgzhang@tjh.tjmu.edu.cn. * 9 Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Education, NHC Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, China. wgzhang@tjh.tjmu.edu.cn. # Contributed equally. * PMID: **42706236** * DOI: [ 10.1038/s41392-026-02811-4 ](https://doi.org/10.1038/s41392-026-02811-4) Item in Clipboard Review # B cells in cancer: functions, mechanisms and therapeutic advances Hao Zhang et al. Signal Transduct Target Ther. 2026. Show details Display options Display options Format Abstract PubMed PMID Signal Transduct Target Ther Actions * [ Search in PubMed ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Signal+Transduct+Target+Ther%22%5Bjour%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc) * [ Search in NLM Catalog ](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nlmcatalog?term=%22Signal+Transduct+Target+Ther%22%5BTitle+Abbreviation%5D) * [ Add to Search ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42706236/) . 2026 Sep 8;11(1):371. doi: 10.1038/s41392-026-02811-4. ### Authors [Hao Zhang](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Zhang+H&cauthor_id=42706236)[#](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42706236/#short-view-equal-contrib-explanation "Contributed equally")[ 1 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42706236/#short-view-affiliation-1 "Division of Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China."), [Kun Cheng](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Cheng+K&cauthor_id=42706236)[#](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42706236/#short-view-equal-contrib-explanation "Contributed equally")[ 1 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42706236/#short-view-affiliation-1 "Division of Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China."), [Ji Mo](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Mo+J&cauthor_id=42706236)[#](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42706236/#short-view-equal-contrib-explanation "Contributed equally")[ 1 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42706236/#short-view-affiliation-1 "Division of Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China."), [Mingrui Chen](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Chen+M&cauthor_id=42706236)[ 1 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42706236/#short-view-affiliation-1 "Division of Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China."), [Ziran Zhou](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Zhou+Z&cauthor_id=42706236)[ 1 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42706236/#short-view-affiliation-1 "Division of Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China."), [Zhe Wang](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Wang+Z&cauthor_id=42706236)[ 2 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42706236/#short-view-affiliation-2 "Department of Gastroenterology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China."), [Zheng Yang](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Yang+Z&cauthor_id=42706236)[ 3 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42706236/#short-view-affiliation-3 "Cancer Center, Hubei Key Laboratory of Precision Radiation Oncology, Institute of Radiation Oncology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China."), [Xiaoping Chen](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Chen+X&cauthor_id=42706236)[ 4 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42706236/#short-view-affiliation-4 "Division of Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China. chenxpchenxp@163.com.")[ 5 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42706236/#short-view-affiliation-5 "Hubei Key Laboratory of Hepao-Pancreato-Biliary Disease, Wuhan, Hubei, China. chenxpchenxp@163.com.")[ 6 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42706236/#short-view-affiliation-6 "Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Education, NHC Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, China. chenxpchenxp@163.com."), [Wanguang Zhang](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Zhang+W&cauthor_id=42706236)[ 7 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42706236/#short-view-affiliation-7 "Division of Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China. wgzhang@tjh.tjmu.edu.cn.")[ 8 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42706236/#short-view-affiliation-8 "Hubei Key Laboratory of Hepao-Pancreato-Biliary Disease, Wuhan, Hubei, China. wgzhang@tjh.tjmu.edu.cn.")[ 9 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42706236/#short-view-affiliation-9 "Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Education, NHC Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, China. wgzhang@tjh.tjmu.edu.cn.") ### Affiliations * 1 Division of Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China. * 2 Department of Gastroenterology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China. * 3 Cancer Center, Hubei Key Laboratory of Precision Radiation Oncology, Institute of Radiation Oncology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China. * 4 Division of Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China. chenxpchenxp@163.com. * 5 Hubei Key Laboratory of Hepao-Pancreato-Biliary Disease, Wuhan, Hubei, China. chenxpchenxp@163.com. * 6 Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Education, NHC Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, China. chenxpchenxp@163.com. * 7 Division of Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China. wgzhang@tjh.tjmu.edu.cn. * 8 Hubei Key Laboratory of Hepao-Pancreato-Biliary Disease, Wuhan, Hubei, China. wgzhang@tjh.tjmu.edu.cn. * 9 Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Education, NHC Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, China. wgzhang@tjh.tjmu.edu.cn. # Contributed equally. * PMID: **42706236** * DOI: [ 10.1038/s41392-026-02811-4 ](https://doi.org/10.1038/s41392-026-02811-4) Item in Clipboard Cite Display options Display options Format Abstract PubMed PMID ## Abstract Across various cancer entities, a wide array of subtypes of B cells that infiltrate tumors can be identified. These subtypes confer these cells with high adaptability in their functions and significant involvement in tumor progression. Tumor-infiltrating B cells act as distinctive microenvironmental mediators that build tertiary lymphoid structures, secrete diverse factors, and generate a wide antibody repertoire, thereby offering a valuable indicator of immunotherapy response. Recent clinical trials have demonstrated that intervening in tumor-infiltrating B cells can be an effective treatment strategy for tumors, including common types such as breast cancer, colorectal carcinoma, and non-small cell lung cancer. These findings suggest that tumor-infiltrating B cells should not be overlooked as therapeutic targets, as they offer significant potential to reduce the incidence of nonresponse, drug resistance, and immune-related adverse effects commonly seen in current treatment techniques. In this review, we explore the historical development of B cells in the context of tumors. We then discuss the various subtypes of tumor-infiltrating B cells, analyzing their diverse roles in tumor development. Additionally, we delve into the signaling pathways of tumor-infiltrating B cells, intercellular crosstalk, and multilevel regulatory mechanisms. Finally, based on immune checkpoints and therapeutic targets on the surface of tumor-infiltrating B cells, we summarize the current understanding which can lead to the development of new intervention methods targeting tumor-infiltrating B cells in the future. This review aims to provide a comprehensive summary of B-cell classification and therapeutic potential,
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