---
title: "Ultrasound-Guided Lumbar Puncture in Patients with Spinal Deformity: Case Experience and Review"
id: "pubmed-42660845"
canonical_url: "https://medichelpline.com/clinical-feed/pubmed-42660845"
content_type: "clinical_feed_article"
specialty: "Pharmacology"
source_name: "PubMed / NCBI"
source_url: "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42660845/"
doi: "10.3881/j.issn.1000-503X.17186"
published_at: "2026-08-30T00:00:00.000Z"
evidence_level: "Journal Article"
license: "CC-BY-NC-4.0 / Informational Use"
---
# Ultrasound-Guided Lumbar Puncture in Patients with Spinal Deformity: Case Experience and Review
## Provenance & Clinical Metadata
- **Canonical URL:** https://medichelpline.com/clinical-feed/pubmed-42660845
- **Specialty:** [Pharmacology](https://medichelpline.com/clinical-feed/pharmacology.md)
- **Primary Source:** PubMed / NCBI
- **Source URL:** [Original Journal Publication](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42660845/)
- **DOI:** [10.3881/j.issn.1000-503X.17186](https://doi.org/10.3881%2Fj.issn.1000-503X.17186)
- **Published At:** 2026-08-30T00:00:00.000Z
- **Evidence Rating:** Journal Article
## Executive GIST (TL;DR)
- **Lumbar puncture** is an essential clinical procedure but can be technically difficult when surface anatomical landmarks are unreliable. - Patients with **spinal deformity** or prior lumbar fusion frequently present challenges for landmark-based localization. - The source article presents two representative difficult cases in which real-time **ultrasound-guided** lumbar puncture was used to complete the procedure. - The authors provide a detailed review and summary of the application and their clinical experience using ultrasound guidance in such patients. - The report emphasizes the utility of real-time ultrasound as an alternative when conventional landmark techniques fail or are impractical. - Specific procedural details, patient characteristics, imaging findings, technical approaches, and outcomes for the two cases were not reported in the abstract and therefore are not available from the source. - Keywords highlighted in the source are **lumbar puncture**, **spine deformity**, and **ultrasound**, reflecting the article’s clinical focus on interventional ultrasonography for difficult spinal punctures.
## Clinical Analysis & Structured Key Points
Clipboard, Search History, and several other advanced features are temporarily unavailable. [ Skip to main page content ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42660845/#article-details) ![U.S. flag](https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/coreutils/uswds/img/favicons/favicon-57.png) An official website of the United States government Here's how you know ![Dot gov](https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/coreutils/uswds/img/icon-dot-gov.svg) **The .gov means it’s official.** Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site. ![Https](https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/coreutils/uswds/img/icon-https.svg) **The site is secure.** The **https://** ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely. [ ![NIH NLM Logo](https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/coreutils/nwds/img/logos/AgencyLogo.svg) ](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/) [Log in](https://account.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?back_url=https%3A%2F%2Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2F42660845%2F) Show account info Close #### Account Logged in as: **username** * [Dashboard](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/myncbi/) * [Publications](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/myncbi/collections/bibliography/) * [Account settings](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/account/settings/) * [Log out](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/account/signout/?back_url=https%3A//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42660845/) [Access keys](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/guide/browsers/#ncbi_accesskeys) [NCBI Homepage](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov) [MyNCBI Homepage](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/myncbi/) [Main Content](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42660845/#maincontent) [Main Navigation](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42660845/) [ ![pubmed logo](https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/af7de7da-df5d-41c6-8de4-8c266af8ccfb/core/images/pubmed-logo-blue.svg) ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/) [ ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42660845/ "Show search bar") Search: [](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42660845/ "Clear search input")Search [Advanced](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/advanced/) [ Clipboard ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/clipboard/) [ User Guide ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/help/) Save Email Send to * [ Clipboard ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42660845/) * [My Bibliography](https://account.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?back_url=https%3A%2F%2Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2F42660845%2F%23open-bibliography-panel) * [Collections](https://account.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?back_url=https%3A%2F%2Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2F42660845%2F%23open-collections-panel) * [Citation manager](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42660845/) Display options Display options Format Abstract PubMed PMID ## Save citation to file Format: Summary (text) PubMed PMID Abstract (text) CSV Create file Cancel ## Email citation Email address has not been verified. Go to [ My NCBI account settings ](https://account.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/settings/) to confirm your email and then refresh this page. To: Subject: Body: Format: Summary Summary (text) Abstract Abstract (text) MeSH and other data Send email Cancel ### Add to Collections * Create a new collection * Add to an existing collection Name your collection: Name must be less than 100 characters Choose a collection: Unable to load your collection due to an error [Please try again](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42660845/) Add Cancel ### Add to My Bibliography * My Bibliography Unable to load your delegates due to an error [Please try again](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42660845/) Add Cancel ## Your saved search Name of saved search: Search terms: [Test search terms](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42660845/) Would you like email updates of new search results? Saved Search Alert Radio Buttons * Yes * No Email: ([change](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/account/settings/)) Frequency: Monthly Weekly Daily Which day? The first Sunday The first Monday The first Tuesday The first Wednesday The first Thursday The first Friday The first Saturday The first day The first weekday Which day? Sunday Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday Report format: Summary Summary (text) Abstract Abstract (text) PubMed Send at most: 1 item 5 items 10 items 20 items 50 items 100 items 200 items Send even when there aren't any new results Optional text in email: Save Cancel ## Create a file for external citation management software Create file Cancel ## Your RSS Feed Name of RSS Feed: Number of items displayed: 5 10 15 20 50 100 Create RSS Cancel RSS Link Copy ### Actions Cite Collections Add to Collections * Create a new collection * Add to an existing collection Name your collection: Name must be less than 100 characters Choose a collection: Unable to load your collection due to an error [Please try again](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42660845/) Add Cancel Permalink Permalink Copy Display options Display options Format Abstract PubMed PMID ### Page navigation * [ Title & authors ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42660845/#heading) * [ Abstract ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42660845/#abstract) * [Similar articles](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42660845/#similar) * [ Publication types ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42660845/#publication-types) * [ MeSH terms ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42660845/#mesh-terms) Title & authors Abstract Similar articles Publication types MeSH terms Case Reports Zhongguo Yi Xue Ke Xue Yuan Xue Bao Actions * [ Search in PubMed ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Zhongguo+Yi+Xue+Ke+Xue+Yuan+Xue+Bao%22%5Bjour%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc) * [ Search in NLM Catalog ](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nlmcatalog?term=%22Zhongguo+Yi+Xue+Ke+Xue+Yuan+Xue+Bao%22%5BTitle+Abbreviation%5D) * [ Add to Search ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42660845/) . 2026 Aug 30;48(4):755-759. doi: 10.3881/j.issn.1000-503X.17186. # Ultrasound-Guided Lumbar Puncture：Experience in Two Difficult Cases [Si Chen](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Chen+S&cauthor_id=42660845)[ 1 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42660845/#full-view-affiliation-1 "Department of Anesthesiology，Peking Union Medical College Hospital，Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College，Beijing 100730，China."), [Jiao Zhang](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Zhang+J&cauthor_id=42660845)[ 1 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42660845/#full-view-affiliation-1 "Department of Anesthesiology，Peking Union Medical College Hospital，Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College，Beijing 100730，China."), [Min Qian](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Qian+M&cauthor_id=42660845)[ 2 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42660845/#full-view-affiliation-2 "Department of Neurology，Peking Union Medical College Hospital，Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College，Beijing 100730，China."), [Yi Dai](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Dai+Y&cauthor_id=42660845)[ 2 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42660845/#full-view-affiliation-2 "Department of Neurology，Peking Union Medical College Hospital，Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College，Beijing 100730，China."), [Sheng-Nan Yang](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Yang+SN&cauthor_id=42660845)[ 3 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42660845/#full-view-affiliation-3 "Department of Surgery，Surgical Anesthesia Medical Team，The Islands Healthcare Complex-Macao Medical Center of Peking Union Medical College Hospital，Macao SAR 999078，China."), [Xu-Lei Cui](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Cui+XL&cauthor_id=42660845)[ 1 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42660845/#full-view-affiliation-1 "Department of Anesthesiology，Peking Union Medical College Hospital，Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College，Beijing 100730，China.") Affiliations Expand ### Affiliations * 1 Department of Anesthesiology，Peking Union Medical College Hospital，Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College，Beijing 100730，China. * 2 Department of Neurology，Peking Union Medical College Hospital，Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College，Beijing 100730，China. * 3 Department of Surgery，Surgical Anesthesia Medical Team，The Islands Healthcare Complex-Macao Medical Center of Peking Union Medical College Hospital，Macao SAR 999078，China. * PMID: **42660845** * DOI: [ 10.3881/j.issn.1000-503X.17186 ](https://doi.org/10.3881/j.issn.1000-503x.17186) Item in Clipboard Case Reports # Ultrasound-Guided Lumbar Puncture：Experience in Two Difficult Cases Si Chen et al. Zhongguo Yi Xue Ke Xue Yuan Xue Bao. 2026. Show details Display options Display options Format Abstract PubMed PMID Zhongguo Yi Xue Ke Xue Yuan Xue Bao Actions * [ Search in PubMed ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Zhongguo+Yi+Xue+Ke+Xue+Yuan+Xue+Bao%22%5Bjour%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc) * [ Search in NLM Catalog ](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nlmcatalog?term=%22Zhongguo+Yi+Xue+Ke+Xue+Yuan+Xue+Bao%22%5BTitle+Abbreviation%5D) * [ Add to Search ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42660845/) . 2026 Aug 30;48(4):755-759. doi: 10.3881/j.issn.1000-503X.17186. ### Authors [Si Chen](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Chen+S&cauthor_id=42660845)[ 1 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42660845/#short-view-affiliation-1 "Department of Anesthesiology，Peking Union Medical College Hospital，Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College，Beijing 100730，China."), [Jiao Zhang](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Zhang+J&cauthor_id=42660845)[ 1 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42660845/#short-view-affiliation-1 "Department of Anesthesiology，Peking Union Medical College Hospital，Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College，Beijing 100730，China."), [Min Qian](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Qian+M&cauthor_id=42660845)[ 2 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42660845/#short-view-affiliation-2 "Department of Neurology，Peking Union Medical College Hospital，Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College，Beijing 100730，China."), [Yi Dai](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Dai+Y&cauthor_id=42660845)[ 2 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42660845/#short-view-affiliation-2 "Department of Neurology，Peking Union Medical College Hospital，Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College，Beijing 100730，China."), [Sheng-Nan Yang](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Yang+SN&cauthor_id=42660845)[ 3 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42660845/#short-view-affiliation-3 "Department of Surgery，Surgical Anesthesia Medical Team，The Islands Healthcare Complex-Macao Medical Center of Peking Union Medical College Hospital，Macao SAR 999078，China."), [Xu-Lei Cui](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Cui+XL&cauthor_id=42660845)[ 1 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42660845/#short-view-affiliation-1 "Department of Anesthesiology，Peking Union Medical College Hospital，Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College，Beijing 100730，China.") ### Affiliations * 1 Department of Anesthesiology，Peking Union Medical College Hospital，Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College，Beijing 100730，China. * 2 Department of Neurology，Peking Union Medical College Hospital，Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College，Beijing 100730，China. * 3 Department of Surgery，Surgical Anesthesia Medical Team，The Islands Healthcare Complex-Macao Medical Center of Peking Union Medical College Hospital，Macao SAR 999078，China. * PMID: **42660845** * DOI: [ 10.3881/j.issn.1000-503X.17186 ](https://doi.org/10.3881/j.issn.1000-503x.17186) Item in Clipboard Cite Display options Display options Format Abstract PubMed PMID ## Abstract in [ English, ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42660845/#eng-abstract) [ Chinese ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42660845/#zho-abstract) Lumbar puncture is an important clinical technique.In patients with spinal deformities or those who undergo lumbar surgery，using surface anatomical landmarks for localization is often challenging，and real-time ultrasound guidance can be employed to complete the procedure.This article reports two representative difficult cases of lumbar puncture and provides a detailed review and summary of the application and clinical experience of ultrasound-guided lumbar puncture in these types of patients. 腰椎穿刺是重要的临床技术。在一些脊柱畸形、腰椎融合术后的患者中，利用体表标志定位通常困难，可利用超声实时引导完成穿刺。本文报道2例具有代表性的困难腰椎穿刺病例，详细回顾、总结超声引导在此类患者腰椎穿刺中的应用与临床经验。. **Keywords:** lumbar puncture; spine deformity; ultrasound. [PubMed Disclaimer](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disclaimer/) ## Similar articles * [ Recommendations on the Use of Ultrasound Guidance for Adult Lumbar Puncture: A Position Statement of the Society of Hospital Medicine. ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31251163/) Soni NJ, Franco-Sadud R, Kobaidze K, Schnobrich D, Salame G, Lenchus J, Kalidindi V, Mader MJ, Haro EK, Dancel R, Cho J, Grikis L; SHM Point-of-care Ultrasound Task Force; Lucas BP.Soni NJ, et al.J Hosp Med. 2019 Oct 1;14(10):591-601. doi: 10.12788/jhm.3197. Epub 2019 Jun 10.J Hosp Med. 2019.PMID: 31251163Free PMC article. * [ Ultrasound guidance for difficult lumbar puncture in children: pearls and pitfalls. ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28331936/) Muthusami P, Robinson AJ, Shroff MM.Muthusami P, et al.Pediatr Radiol. 2017 Jun;47(7):822-830. doi: 10.1007/s00247-017-3794-0. Epub 2017 Mar 22.Pediatr Radiol. 2017.PMID: 28331936Review. * [ Ultrasound-guided lumbar puncture in pediatric patients: technical success and safety. ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29397406/) Pierce DB, Shivaram G, Koo KSH, Shaw DWW, Meyer KF, Monroe EJ.Pierce DB, et al.Pediatr Radiol. 2018 Jun;48(6):875-881. doi: 10.1007/s00247-018-4091-2. Epub 2018 Feb 3.Pediatr Radiol. 2018.PMID: 29397406 * [ Spinal ultrasound after failed landmarked-based lumbar puncture: a single institutional experience. ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32940728/) Jeyakumar A, Weaver JJ, Chick JFB, Hage AN, Koo KSH, Shivaram GM, Monroe EJ.Jeyakumar A, et al.Pediatr Radiol. 2021 Feb;51(2):289-295. doi: 10.1007/s00247-020-04831-w. Epub 2020 Sep 17.Pediatr Radiol. 2021.PMID: 32940728 * [ Comparative efficacy of ultrasound guidance or conventional anatomical landmarks for neuraxial puncture in adult patients: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37806932/) Kamimura Y, Yamamoto N, Shiroshita A, Miura T, Tsuji T, Someko H, Imai E, Kimura R, Sobue K.Kamimura Y, et al.Br J Anaesth. 2024 May;132(5):1097-1111. doi: 10.1016/j.bja.2023.09.006. Epub 2023 Oct 6.Br J Anaesth. 2024.PMID: 37806932 [ See all similar articles ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?linkname=pubmed_pubmed&from_uid=42660845) ## Publication types * Case Reports Actions * [ Search in PubMed ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Case+Reports%22%5Bpt%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc) * [ Search in MeSH ](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Case+Reports) * [ Add to Search ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42660845/) ## MeSH terms * Female Actions * [ Search in PubMed ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Female%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc) * [ Search in MeSH ](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Female) * [ Add to Search ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42660845/) * Humans Actions * [ Search in PubMed ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Humans%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc) * [ Search in MeSH ](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Humans) * [ Add to Search ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42660845/) * Male Actions * [ Search in PubMed ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Male%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc) * [ Search in MeSH ](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Male) * [ Add to Search ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42660845/) * Spinal Puncture* / methods Actions * [ Search in PubMed ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Spinal+Puncture%2Fmethods%22%5BMAJR%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc) * [ Search in MeSH ](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Spinal+Puncture) * [ Add to Search ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42660845/) * Ultrasonography Actions * [ Search in PubMed ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Ultrasonography%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc) * [ Search in MeSH ](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Ultrasonography) * [ Add to Search ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42660845/) * Ultrasonography, Interventional* Actions * [ Search in PubMed ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Ultrasonography%2C+Interventional%22%5BMAJR%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc) * [ Search in MeSH ](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Ultrasonography%2C+Interventional) * [ Add to Search ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42660845/) [x] Cite Copy Download .nbib .nbib Format: AMA APA MLA NLM **Send To** * [Clipboard](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42660845/) * [Email](https://account.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?back_url=https%3A%2F%2Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2F42660845%2F%23open-email-panel) * [Save](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42660845/) * [My Bibliography](https://account.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?back_url=https%3A%2F%2Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2F42660845%2F%23open-bibliography-panel) * [Collections](https://account.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?back_url=https%3A%2F%2Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2F42660845%2F%23open-collections-panel) * [Citation Manager](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42660845/) [x] NCBI Literature Resources [MeSH](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/) [PMC](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/) [Bookshelf](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books) [Disclaimer](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disclaimer/) The PubMed wordmark and PubMed logo are registered trademarks of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). Unauthorized use of these marks is strictly prohibited. Follow NCBI [ Twitter ](https://twitter.com/ncbi) [ Facebook ](https://www.facebook.com/ncbi.nlm) [ LinkedIn ](https://www.linkedin.com/company/ncbinlm) [ GitHub ](https://github.com/ncbi) [ ](https://ncbiinsights.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/) [Connect with NLM](https://www.nlm.nih.gov/socialmedia/index.html) * [ Twitter ](https://twitter.com/NLM_NIH) * [ SM-Facebook ](https://www.facebook.com/nationallibraryofmedicine) * [ SM-Youtube ](https://www.youtube.com/user/NLMNIH) National Library of Medicine [8600 Rockville Pike Bethesda, MD 20894](https://www.google.com/maps/place/8600+Rockville+Pike,+Bethesda,+MD+20894/@38.9959508,-77.101021,17z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m5!3m4!1s0x89b7c95e25765ddb:0x19156f88b27635b8!8m2!3d38.9959508!4d-77.0988323) [Web Policies](https://www.nlm.nih.gov/web_policies.html) [FOIA](https://www.nih.gov/institutes-nih/nih-office-director/office-communications-public-liaison/freedom-information-act-office) [HHS Vulnerability Disclosure](https://www.hhs.gov/vulnerability-disclosure-policy/index.html) [Help](https://support.nlm.nih.gov/?pagename=pubmed%3Apubmed%3Aabstract%3ANONE) [Accessibility](https://www.nlm.nih.gov/accessibility.html) [Careers](https://www.nlm.nih.gov/careers/careers.html) * [NLM](https://www.nlm.nih.gov/) * [NIH](https://www.nih.gov/) * [HHS](https://www.hhs.gov/) * [USA.gov](https://www.usa.gov/)
## Related Clinical Research

- [Antimicrobial Stewardship Challenges in Low- and Middle-Income Countries](https://medichelpline.com/clinical-feed/plos-medicine-0-antimicrobial-stewardship-in-low-and-middle-income-countries-access-versus.md)
- [Knowledge, Attitudes, and Behaviour toward Japanese Encephalitis Vaccination: A Systematic Review](https://medichelpline.com/clinical-feed/pubmed-42556299.md) (DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2026.128999)
- [Geospatial methods for mapping zero-dose and routine childhood immunisation coverage in low-income](https://medichelpline.com/clinical-feed/pubmed-42442083.md) (DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2026.128904)
- [ML‑Enabled Multiscale QSP–PBPK Platform to Support Development of mRNA Therapeutics](https://medichelpline.com/clinical-feed/medrxiv-16-towards-a-ml-powered-multiscale-computational-platform-based-on-qsp-and-pbpk.md)
- [Tabular in-context learning with coarse composition for multi-activity antimicrobial peptide profi](https://medichelpline.com/clinical-feed/biorxiv-4-coarse-composition-suffices-tabular-in-context-learning-for-multi-activity.md)

## Navigation
- [← Back to Pharmacology Feed](https://medichelpline.com/clinical-feed/pharmacology.md)
- [← All Clinical Specialties](https://medichelpline.com/clinical-feed.md)
## Medical & Regulatory Disclaimer

> [!CAUTION]
> MedicHelpline content is structured for research, educational, and professional discovery purposes. It does not constitute individual medical advice, clinical diagnosis, or treatment recommendations.
> Always verify dosing, contraindications, and regulatory alerts against official product labeling and primary regulatory sources before clinical decision-making.