---
title: "Warm needling moxibustion reduces chondrocyte senescence and improves KOA signs in rats"
id: "pubmed-42908455"
canonical_url: "https://medichelpline.com/clinical-feed/pubmed-42908455"
content_type: "clinical_feed_article"
specialty: "Pharmacology"
source_name: "PubMed / NCBI"
source_url: "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42908455/"
doi: "10.13702/j.1000-0607.20251035"
published_at: "2026-10-25T00:00:00.000Z"
evidence_level: "English Abstract"
license: "CC-BY-NC-4.0 / Informational Use"
---
# Warm needling moxibustion reduces chondrocyte senescence and improves KOA signs in rats
## Provenance & Clinical Metadata
- **Canonical URL:** https://medichelpline.com/clinical-feed/pubmed-42908455
- **Specialty:** [Pharmacology](https://medichelpline.com/clinical-feed/pharmacology.md)
- **Primary Source:** PubMed / NCBI
- **Source URL:** [Original Journal Publication](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42908455/)
- **DOI:** [10.13702/j.1000-0607.20251035](https://doi.org/10.13702%2Fj.1000-0607.20251035)
- **Published At:** 2026-10-25T00:00:00.000Z
- **Evidence Rating:** English Abstract
## Executive GIST (TL;DR)
- The study evaluated **warm needling moxibustion** versus **mild moxibustion** in a rat model of **knee osteoarthritis (KOA)** induced by intra-articular monosodium iodoacetate (MIA). - Forty-eight Wistar rats were randomized into four groups: normal, model, mild moxibustion, and warm needling; each group contained 12 animals. The source reported that interventions targeted acupoints ST32 (Futu) and ST36 (Zusanli) for 30 minutes every other day over 4 weeks. - Behavioral and gross measures included Lequesne MG score, right-knee horizontal diameter, and right hind-paw pain threshold; investigators reported worsening in the model group versus normal controls and improvement after both interventions. - Histology used HE and safranin O staining; Mankin’s and OARSI scoring systems quantified cartilage degeneration. The model group showed cartilage surface damage and tidemark loss; both treatments reduced degeneration and the warm needling group had the larger effect on scores. - Serum inflammatory markers (ELISA) measured **IL-6**, IL-18, and **MMP-13**; all rose in the model group and decreased after either moxibustion intervention, with greater decreases in the warm needling group for most markers. - Cartilage analyses included immunohistochemistry and Western blot for P16INK4A, P21Waf1/Cip1, IL-6, MMP-13, and **Collagen-Ⅱ**. The model group had increased senescence markers and degradative proteins, and reduced Collagen-Ⅱ; treatments reversed those changes, more so with warm needling. - The authors concluded that warm needling moxibustion improved KOA manifestations and may act by inhibiting **chondrocyte senescence**. The source did not report mechanistic pathway experiments beyond these protein and histologic associations, nor long-term outcomes beyond the 4-week intervention period. - No conflicts of interest were declared by the authors. The article is published in Zhen Ci Yan Jiu (Chinese) with PMID 42908455 and DOI 10.13702/j.1000-0607.20251035.
## Clinical Analysis & Structured Key Points
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Affiliations Expand ### Affiliations * 1 College of Acupuncture-moxibustion and Tuina, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang 050200, China. * 2 Hebei International Joint Research Center for Advantageous Diseases of Traditional Chinese Medicine Acupuncture, Shijiazhuang 050091. * 3 College of Acupuncture-moxibustion and Tuina, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang 050200, China. xujing@hebcm.edu.cn. * 4 Hebei International Joint Research Center for Advantageous Diseases of Traditional Chinese Medicine Acupuncture, Shijiazhuang 050091. xujing@hebcm.edu.cn. * PMID: **42908455** * DOI: [ 10.13702/j.1000-0607.20251035 ](https://doi.org/10.13702/j.1000-0607.20251035) Item in Clipboard # [Study on regulatory effects of warm needling moxibustion on chondrocyte senescence in rats with knee osteoarthritis] [Article in Chinese] Tianshi Feng et al. Zhen Ci Yan Jiu. 2026. Show details Display options Display options Format Abstract PubMed PMID Zhen Ci Yan Jiu Actions * [ Search in PubMed ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Zhen+Ci+Yan+Jiu%22%5Bjour%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc) * [ Search in NLM Catalog ](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nlmcatalog?term=%22Zhen+Ci+Yan+Jiu%22%5BTitle+Abbreviation%5D) * [ Add to Search ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42908455/) . 2026 Oct 25;51(10):1395-1403. doi: 10.13702/j.1000-0607.20251035. ### Authors [Tianshi Feng](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Feng+T&cauthor_id=42908455)[ 1 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42908455/#short-view-affiliation-1 "College of Acupuncture-moxibustion and Tuina, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang 050200, China.")[ 2 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42908455/#short-view-affiliation-2 "Hebei International Joint Research Center for Advantageous Diseases of Traditional Chinese Medicine Acupuncture, Shijiazhuang 050091."), [Junlei Li](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Li+J&cauthor_id=42908455)[ 1 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42908455/#short-view-affiliation-1 "College of Acupuncture-moxibustion and Tuina, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang 050200, China.")[ 2 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42908455/#short-view-affiliation-2 "Hebei International Joint Research Center for Advantageous Diseases of Traditional Chinese Medicine Acupuncture, Shijiazhuang 050091."), [Yejuan Jia](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Jia+Y&cauthor_id=42908455)[ 1 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42908455/#short-view-affiliation-1 "College of Acupuncture-moxibustion and Tuina, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang 050200, China.")[ 2 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42908455/#short-view-affiliation-2 "Hebei International Joint Research Center for Advantageous Diseases of Traditional Chinese Medicine Acupuncture, Shijiazhuang 050091."), [Yuan Tao](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Tao+Y&cauthor_id=42908455)[ 1 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42908455/#short-view-affiliation-1 "College of Acupuncture-moxibustion and Tuina, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang 050200, China.")[ 2 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42908455/#short-view-affiliation-2 "Hebei International Joint Research Center for Advantageous Diseases of Traditional Chinese Medicine Acupuncture, Shijiazhuang 050091."), [Jing Xu](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Xu+J&cauthor_id=42908455)[ 3 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42908455/#short-view-affiliation-3 "College of Acupuncture-moxibustion and Tuina, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang 050200, China. xujing@hebcm.edu.cn.")[ 4 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42908455/#short-view-affiliation-4 "Hebei International Joint Research Center for Advantageous Diseases of Traditional Chinese Medicine Acupuncture, Shijiazhuang 050091. xujing@hebcm.edu.cn.") ### Affiliations * 1 College of Acupuncture-moxibustion and Tuina, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang 050200, China. * 2 Hebei International Joint Research Center for Advantageous Diseases of Traditional Chinese Medicine Acupuncture, Shijiazhuang 050091. * 3 College of Acupuncture-moxibustion and Tuina, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang 050200, China. xujing@hebcm.edu.cn. * 4 Hebei International Joint Research Center for Advantageous Diseases of Traditional Chinese Medicine Acupuncture, Shijiazhuang 050091. xujing@hebcm.edu.cn. * PMID: **42908455** * DOI: [ 10.13702/j.1000-0607.20251035 ](https://doi.org/10.13702/j.1000-0607.20251035) Item in Clipboard Cite Display options Display options Format Abstract PubMed PMID Linked Discoveries ## Abstract in [ English, ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42908455/#eng-abstract) [ Chinese ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42908455/#zho-abstract) **Objectives:** To investigate the effect of warm needling moxibustion on chondrocyte senescence in rats with knee osteoarthritis (KOA), and to compare its efficacy with that of mild moxibustion. **Methods:** Forty-eight Wistar rats were randomly assigned to 4 groups (_n_ =12):normal, model, mild moxibustion, and warm needling. KOA was induced by intra-articular injection of monosodium iodoacetate (MIA) into the right knee. Rats in the mild moxibustion and warm needling moxibustion groups received interventions at the acupoints "Futu" (ST32) and "Zusanli" (ST36), 30 min per session, once every other day for 4 weeks. After intervention, Lequesne MG scores, the right knee joint horizontal diameter, and right hind paw pain threshold were assessed. Histopathological changes in the rat knee joints were observed by hematoxylin-eosin (HE) and safranin O staining, and were scored using the Mankin's and OARSI systems. Serum contents of interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-18 (IL-18), and matrix metalloproteinase-13 (MMP-13) were measured by ELISA. Immunohistochemistry was performed to detect the expressions of P16INK4A, P21Waf1/Cip1, IL-6, MMP-13, and type Ⅱ collagen (Collagen-Ⅱ) in knee cartilage. Western blot was performed to detect the relative protein expression levels of P16INK4A, P21Waf1/Cip1, Collagen-Ⅱ, IL-6, and MMP-13 in cartilage tissue. **Results:** Compared with the normal group, the model group showed a significantly higher Lequesne MG score (_P_ <0.01), an increased horizontal diameter of the right knee joint (_P_ <0.01), and a decreased pain threshold (_P_ <0.01). Compared with the model group, both treatment groups exhibited significantly lower Lequesne MG scores (_P_ <0.01), reduced joint horizontal diameters (_P_ <0.01), and increased pain thresholds (_P_ <0.01). Compared with the mild moxibustion group, the warm needling group showed a lower Lequesne MG score (_P_ <0.01) and a higher pain threshold (_P_ <0.01). Histopathological staining revealed degenerative features in the model group, including damage to the superficial cartilage layer and disappearance of the tidemark, while both treatment groups exhibited milder degeneration. Compared with the normal group, both the Mankin's and OARSI scores were significantly increased in the model group (_P_ <0.01). Compared with the model group, both scores were decreased in the mild moxibustion and warm needling groups (_P_ <0.01), and the scores in the warm needling group were significantly lower than those in the mild moxibustion group (_P_ <0.05). Compared with the normal group, the serum contents of IL-6, IL-18, and MMP-13 were significantly elevated in the model group (_P_ <0.01);in cartilage tissue, the expressions of P16INK4A, P21Waf1/Cip1, IL-6, and MMP-13 proteins were increased (_P_ <0.01), while Collagen-Ⅱ expression was reduced (_P_ <0.01). Compared with the model group, both treatment groups showed decreased serum IL-6, IL-18, and MMP-13 contents, and reduced expression of P16INK4A, P21Waf1/Cip1, IL-6, and MMP-13 proteins in cartilage tissue (_P_ <0.01, _P_ <0.05), along with increased Collagen-Ⅱ expression (_P_ <0.01). Furthermore, compared with the mild moxibustion group, the warm needling group exhibited more significant changes in the above indicators except joint horizontal diameter (_P_ <0.01, _P_ <0.05). **Conclusions:** Warm needling moxibustion effectively improves knee osteoarthritis in rats and shows superior efficacy compared with mild moxibustion. Its therapeutic mechanism may be associated with the inhibition of chondrocyte senescence. **目的** : 探讨温针灸对膝关节骨关节炎（KOA）大鼠膝关节软骨细胞衰老的影响，并比较温针灸与温和灸的效应差异。**方法** : Wistar大鼠随机分为正常组、模型组、温和灸组和温针灸组，每组12只。采用碘乙酸钠注射法复制KOA模型。温和灸组和温针灸组大鼠于“伏兔”“足三里”分别施以温和灸和温针灸，30 min/次，隔日1次，干预4周。Lequesne MG行为学评分评估大鼠膝关节功能，并测量各组大鼠右侧膝关节横向直径及右侧足底痛阈值;HE及番红O固绿染色法观察大鼠膝关节的病理形态变化，并进行Mankin’s、OARSI评分;ELISA法检测血清白细胞介素（IL）-6、IL-18、基质金属蛋白酶（MMP）-13含量;免疫组织化学法检测膝关节软骨组织中细胞周期蛋白依赖性激酶4抑制剂A（P16INK4A）、细胞周期蛋白依赖性激酶抑制剂1A（P21Waf1/Cip1）、IL-6、MMP-13、Ⅱ型胶原蛋白（Collagen-Ⅱ）的阳性表达;Western blot法检测软骨组织中P16INK4A、P21Waf1/Cip1、Collagen-Ⅱ、IL-6、MMP-13蛋白相对表达水平。**结果** : 与正常组相比，模型组Lequesne MG评分升高（ _P_ <0.01），右侧膝关节横向直径增大（ _P_ <0.01），痛阈值降低（ _P_ <0.01）;与模型组相比，温和灸组和温针灸组Lequesne MG评分降低（ _P_ <0.01），右侧膝关节横向直径减小（ _P_ <0.01），痛阈值升高（ _P_ <0.01）;与温和灸组相比，温针灸组Lequesne MG评分降低（ _P_ <0.01），痛阈值升高（ _P_ <0.01）。模型组出现膝关节软骨退变特征，表层软骨破损、潮线消失，温和灸组和温针灸组退变程度减轻，温针灸组改善更明显。与正常组相比，模型组Mankin’s、OARSI评分均升高（ _P_ <0.01）;与模型组相比，温和灸组和温针灸组Mankin’s、OARSI评分均降低（ _P_ <0.01），且温针灸组低于温和灸组（ _P_ <0.05）。与正常组相比，模型组血清中IL-6、IL-18、MMP-13含量均升高（ _P_ <0.01），膝关节软骨组织中P16INK4A、P21Waf1/Cip1、IL-6、MMP-13阳性表达和蛋白表达均升高（ _P_ <0.01），Collagen-Ⅱ阳性表达和蛋白表达降低（ _P_ <0.01）;与模型组相比，温和灸组和温针灸组血清IL-6、IL-18、MMP-13含量均降低（ _P_ <0.01），膝关节软骨组织中P16INK4A、P21Waf1/Cip1、IL-6、MMP-13阳性表达和蛋白表达均降低（ _P_ <0.01， _P_ <0.05），Collagen-Ⅱ阳性表达和蛋白表达升高（ _P_ <0.01）;与温和灸组相比，温针灸组以上指标（除膝关节横向直径外）变化更加明显（ _P_ <0.01， _P_ <0.05）。**结论** : 温针灸能有效改善大鼠KOA，且作用优于温和灸，其效应机制可能与抑制软骨细胞衰老有关。. **Keywords:** Articular cartilage; Cell senescence; Knee osteoarthritis; Mild moxibustion; Warm needling moxibustion. [PubMed Disclaimer](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disclaimer/) ## Conflict of interest statement All authors declare that there is no conflict of interest. ## References 1. 1. Ren J L, Yang J N, Hu W. The global burden of osteoarthritis knee:a secondary data analysis of a population-based study[J]. Clin Rheumatol, 2025, 44(4):1769-1810. 2. 1. Kolasinski S L, Neogi T, Hochberg M C, et al. 2019 American college of rheumatology/arthritis foundation guideline for the management of osteoarthritis of the hand, hip, and knee[J]. Arthritis Rheumatol, 2020, 72(2):220-233. 3. 1. Yagi M, Endo K, Komori K, et al. Comparison of the effects of oxidative and inflammatory stresses on rat chondrocyte senescence[J]. Sci Rep, 2023, 13(1):7697. 4. 1. Ji M L, Jiang H, Li Z, et al. Sirt6 attenuates chondrocyte senescence and osteoarthritis progression[J]. Nat Commun, 2022, 13:7658. 5. 1. Liu Y K, Zhang Z A, Li T, et al. Senescence in osteoarthritis:from mechanism to potential treatment[J]. Arthritis Res Ther, 2022, 24(1):174. Show all 33 references ## Publication types * English Abstract Actions * [ Search in PubMed ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22English+Abstract%22%5Bpt%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc) * [ Search in MeSH ](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=English+Abstract) * [ Add to Search ](https://pubm
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