---
title: "Wearable hand exoskeletons for motor rehabilitation: trends, gaps, and validation needs"
id: "pubmed-42575135"
canonical_url: "https://medichelpline.com/clinical-feed/pubmed-42575135"
content_type: "clinical_feed_article"
specialty: "Pharmacology"
source_name: "PubMed / NCBI"
source_url: "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42575135/"
doi: "10.1088/2516-1091/ae97c9"
published_at: "2026-09-02T00:00:00.000Z"
evidence_level: "Journal Article"
license: "CC-BY-NC-4.0 / Informational Use"
---
# Wearable hand exoskeletons for motor rehabilitation: trends, gaps, and validation needs
## Provenance & Clinical Metadata
- **Canonical URL:** https://medichelpline.com/clinical-feed/pubmed-42575135
- **Specialty:** [Pharmacology](https://medichelpline.com/clinical-feed/pharmacology.md)
- **Primary Source:** PubMed / NCBI
- **Source URL:** [Original Journal Publication](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42575135/)
- **DOI:** [10.1088/2516-1091/ae97c9](https://doi.org/10.1088%2F2516-1091%2Fae97c9)
- **Published At:** 2026-09-02T00:00:00.000Z
- **Evidence Rating:** Journal Article
## Executive GIST (TL;DR)
- This scoping review examined literature from 2010 through October 2025 across four major databases to map the development of **wearable hand exoskeletons** for motor rehabilitation. - A total of 134 articles met inclusion criteria and described 116 unique devices that were validated with human subjects. - The device landscape shows a clear predominance of **soft structures** compared with rigid or hybrid architectures. - **Electric motors** and **tendon-driven** mechanisms were the most frequently reported actuation and transmission choices. - Reporting on device-level metrics (for example, total weight and system dimensions) and usability measures (for example, donning and doffing times) was inconsistent and often incomplete across studies. - This heterogeneity in reported metrics hinders direct comparison of technologies and assessment of clinical readiness. - The authors highlight the need for **standardized validation protocols** and more uniform reporting to accelerate translation toward effective clinical solutions. - Keywords noted in the source include hand exoskeleton, motor rehabilitation, scoping review, and wearable robotics. - The review is published under a Creative Commons Attribution license and indexed with MeSH terms including Exoskeleton Device, Hand, Rehabilitation/instrumentation, Robotics, and Wearable Electronic Devices.
## Clinical Analysis & Structured Key Points
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Affiliations Expand ### Affiliation * 1 Human Robotics Group, University of Alicante, San Vicente del Raspeig, Spain. * PMID: **42575135** * DOI: [ 10.1088/2516-1091/ae97c9 ](https://doi.org/10.1088/2516-1091/ae97c9) Item in Clipboard Review # Wearable hand exoskeletons for motor rehabilitation: a scoping review Lluis Bernat et al. Prog Biomed Eng (Bristol). 2026. Show details Display options Display options Format Abstract PubMed PMID Prog Biomed Eng (Bristol) Actions * [ Search in PubMed ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Prog+Biomed+Eng+%28Bristol%29%22%5Bjour%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc) * [ Search in NLM Catalog ](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nlmcatalog?term=%22Prog+Biomed+Eng+%28Bristol%29%22%5BTitle+Abbreviation%5D) * [ Add to Search ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42575135/) . 2026 Sep 2;8(4). doi: 10.1088/2516-1091/ae97c9. ### Authors [Lluis Bernat](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Bernat+L&cauthor_id=42575135)[ 1 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42575135/#short-view-affiliation-1 "Human Robotics Group, University of Alicante, San Vicente del Raspeig, Spain."), [Cristina Romero](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Romero+C&cauthor_id=42575135)[ 1 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42575135/#short-view-affiliation-1 "Human Robotics Group, University of Alicante, San Vicente del Raspeig, Spain."), [Anahis Casanova](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Casanova+A&cauthor_id=42575135)[ 1 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42575135/#short-view-affiliation-1 "Human Robotics Group, University of Alicante, San Vicente del Raspeig, Spain."), [Carlos A Jara](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Jara+CA&cauthor_id=42575135)[ 1 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42575135/#short-view-affiliation-1 "Human Robotics Group, University of Alicante, San Vicente del Raspeig, Spain."), [Andres Ubeda](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Ubeda+A&cauthor_id=42575135)[ 1 ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42575135/#short-view-affiliation-1 "Human Robotics Group, University of Alicante, San Vicente del Raspeig, Spain.") ### Affiliation * 1 Human Robotics Group, University of Alicante, San Vicente del Raspeig, Spain. * PMID: **42575135** * DOI: [ 10.1088/2516-1091/ae97c9 ](https://doi.org/10.1088/2516-1091/ae97c9) Item in Clipboard Cite Display options Display options Format Abstract PubMed PMID ## Abstract This scoping review maps the current development landscape of wearable hand exoskeletons for motor rehabilitation, covering publications from 2010 to October 2025 across four major databases. A total of 134 articles were included, identifying 116 unique devices validated with human subjects. The results show a clear predominance of soft structures over rigid or hybrid ones, with electric motors and tendon-driven mechanisms being the most frequent actuation and transmission choices. However, there is a lack of uniformity in the information on device metrics, such as total weight and system dimensions, or usability metrics, like donning and doffing times, which hinders the direct comparison of different technologies. This review synthesizes current trends and emphasizes the need for standardized validation protocols to advance toward effective clinical solutions. **Keywords:** hand exoskeleton; motor rehabilitation; scoping review; wearable robotics. Creative Commons Attribution license. [PubMed Disclaimer](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disclaimer/) ## Similar articles * [ Exoskeleton robotics: from rigid structures to bio-integrated systems. ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42434691/) Zheng L, Ramli R, Zhang W.Zheng L, et al.Front Neurorobot. 2026 Jun 12;20:1850367. doi: 10.3389/fnbot.2026.1850367. eCollection 2026.Front Neurorobot. 2026.PMID: 42434691Free PMC article.Review. * [ Application of human-centered design principles to wearable exoskeletons: a systematic review. ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39444223/) Assare-Mokwah E, Arunkumar S.Assare-Mokwah E, et al.Disabil Rehabil Assist Technol. 2025 May;20(4):767-788. doi: 10.1080/17483107.2024.2415433. Epub 2024 Oct 23.Disabil Rehabil Assist Technol. 2025.PMID: 39444223 * [ A Comprehensive Review of Elbow Exoskeletons: Classification by Structure, Actuation, and Sensing Technologies. ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40732391/) Supriyono CSA, Dragusanu M, Malvezzi M.Supriyono CSA, et al.Sensors (Basel). 2025 Jul 9;25(14):4263. doi: 10.3390/s25144263.Sensors (Basel). 2025.PMID: 40732391Free PMC article.Review. * [ Soft robotic devices for hand rehabilitation and assistance: a narrative review. ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29454392/) Chu CY, Patterson RM.Chu CY, et al.J Neuroeng Rehabil. 2018 Feb 17;15(1):9. doi: 10.1186/s12984-018-0350-6.J Neuroeng Rehabil. 2018.PMID: 29454392Free PMC article.Review. * [ A Critical Review on Factors Affecting the User Adoption of Wearable and Soft Robotics. ](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36991974/) Ang BWK, Yeow CH, Lim JH.Ang BWK, et al.Sensors (Basel). 2023 Mar 20;23(6):3263. doi: 10.3390/s23063263.Sensors (Basel). 2023.PMID: 36991974Free PMC article.Review. 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