---
title: "RecallRefine: Coverage-Constrained Coarse-to-Fine Segmentation for Small 3D Lesions"
id: "biorxiv-19-recallrefine-coverage-constrained-coarse-to-fine-segmentationfor-small-3d"
canonical_url: "https://medichelpline.com/clinical-feed/biorxiv-19-recallrefine-coverage-constrained-coarse-to-fine-segmentationfor-small-3d"
content_type: "clinical_feed_article"
specialty: "Radiology"
source_name: "bioRxiv (Biomedical Preprints)"
source_url: "https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.09.21.753396v1?rss=1"
published_at: "2026-09-23T09:50:14.000Z"
evidence_level: "Verified Feed"
license: "CC-BY-NC-4.0 / Informational Use"
---
# RecallRefine: Coverage-Constrained Coarse-to-Fine Segmentation for Small 3D Lesions
## Provenance & Clinical Metadata
- **Canonical URL:** https://medichelpline.com/clinical-feed/biorxiv-19-recallrefine-coverage-constrained-coarse-to-fine-segmentationfor-small-3d
- **Specialty:** [Radiology](https://medichelpline.com/clinical-feed/radiology.md)
- **Primary Source:** bioRxiv (Biomedical Preprints)
- **Source URL:** [Original Journal Publication](https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.09.21.753396v1?rss=1)
- **Published At:** 2026-09-23T09:50:14.000Z
- **Evidence Rating:** Verified Feed
## Executive GIST (TL;DR)
- This preprint introduces **RECALLREFINE**, a coverage-constrained coarse-to-fine framework designed to reduce irreversible misses of small, low-contrast, or multifocal **3D lesions** during cascaded segmentation. - The approach reframes candidate-region selection as a recall-critical learning problem rather than a deterministic crop around a coarse mask, prioritizing that every annotated lesion be included in the refinement set under a fixed budget. - A full-volume network produces coarse lesion probabilities and multi-scale features; a candidate score network then scores overlapping 3D blocks by combining coarse probability, predictive uncertainty, feature novelty, and spatial context. - A differentiable selector is trained with a component-wise coverage objective that enforces coverage of every lesion instance by at least one selected block given the refinement budget. - Selected blocks are refined at native resolution by a local refiner that includes a context-ring branch; overlapping refined predictions are merged back into the full volume. - Across four public 3D lesion benchmarks, RECALLREFINE increased mean tumor **Dice** from 76.5% (best matched baseline) to 78.4% and raised sensitivity for lesions under 10 mm from 60.9% to 70.8%. - At a 20% candidate budget the selector achieved 94.4% coverage of lesion instances, substantially lowering irreversible misses that arise from coarse-stage failures. - The authors conclude that cascaded lesion segmentation must address not only how to refine detected lesions but how to guarantee difficult lesions remain represented in refinement; RECALLREFINE offers a learned, budget-aware selection mechanism toward that goal. - The work is a preprint (bioRxiv) by Wanzhou Chen and Jiayi Chen from Zhengzhou University and has not undergone peer review; no competing interests were declared.
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Wanzhou Chen Zhengzhou University * [Find this author on Google Scholar](https://www.biorxiv.org/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&gs_type=author&author%5B0%5D=Wanzhou%2BChen%2B "Open in new tab") * [Find this author on PubMed](https://www.biorxiv.org/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Chen%20W&link_type=AUTHORSEARCH "Open in new tab") * [Search for this author on this site](https://www.biorxiv.org/search/author1%3AWanzhou%2BChen%2B) * For correspondence: 1794880963@qq.com Jiayi Chen Zhengzhou University * [Find this author on Google Scholar](https://www.biorxiv.org/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&gs_type=author&author%5B0%5D=Jiayi%2BChen%2B "Open in new tab") * [Find this author on PubMed](https://www.biorxiv.org/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Chen%20J&link_type=AUTHORSEARCH "Open in new tab") * [Search for this author on this site](https://www.biorxiv.org/search/author1%3AJiayi%2BChen%2B) * [Abstract](https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.09.21.753396v1)[](https://www.biorxiv.org/panels_ajax_tab/biorxiv_tab_art/node:5802701/1) * [Info/History](https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.09.21.753396v1.article-info)[](https://www.biorxiv.org/panels_ajax_tab/biorxiv_tab_info/node:5802701/1) * [Metrics](https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.09.21.753396v1.article-metrics)[](https://www.biorxiv.org/panels_ajax_tab/article_tab_metrics/node:5802701/1) * [ Preview PDF](https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.09.21.753396v1.full.pdf+html)[](https://www.biorxiv.org/panels_ajax_tab/biorxiv_tab_pdf/node:5802701/1) ![Loading](https://www.biorxiv.org/sites/all/modules/contrib/panels_ajax_tab/images/loading.gif) ## Abstract Coarse to fine segmentation is a natural strategy for three dimensional lesion delineation becausefull resolution processing of an entire scan is expensive while only a small fraction of the volume contains pathology. Its main failure mode, however, is structural: a lesion missed by the coarse stage is usually absent from the region of interest and therefore cannot be recovered by the fine stage. This problem is most severe for small, low contrast, and multifocal lesions. We introduce RECALLREFINE, a coverage constrained coarse to fine framework that treats candidate-region selection as a recall critical learning problem rather than a deterministic crop around the coarse mask.A full-volume network first predicts coarse lesion probabilities and multi-scale features. A candidate score network then combines coarse probability, predictive uncertainty, feature novelty, and spatial context to score overlapping 3D blocks. During training, a differentiable selector is optimized with a component-wise coverage objective that requires every annotated lesion instance to remain covered by at least one selected block under a fixed refinement budget. Selected blocks are processed at native resolution by a local refiner with a context-ring branch, and overlapping predictions are merged back into the full volume. Across four public 3D lesion benchmarks, RECALLREFINE improves mean tumor Dice from 76.5% for the strongest matched coarse-to-fine baseline to 78.4%, while increasing sensitivity for lesions below 10 mm from 60.9% to 70.8%.At a 20% candidate budget, the selector covers 94.4% of lesion instances, substantially reducing irreversible coarse-stage misses. The results suggest that the central problem in cascaded lesion segmentation is not only how to refine a detected lesion, but how to guarantee that difficult lesions are still represented in the refinement set. ### Competing Interest Statement The authors have declared no competing interest. Copyright The copyright holder for this preprint is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under a [CC-BY-NC 4.0 International license](http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/). bioRxiv and medRxiv thank the following for their generous financial support: > The Chan Zuckerberg Initiative, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, the Sergey Brin Family Foundation, California Institute of Technology, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Imperial College London, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, The University of Edinburgh, University of Washington, and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam. 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