---
title: "X-ray diffraction of hydrated macromolecular crystals using a laser-driven X-ray source"
id: "biorxiv-23-x-ray-diffraction-from-hydrated-macromolecular-crystals-using-laser-driven-x"
canonical_url: "https://medichelpline.com/clinical-feed/biorxiv-23-x-ray-diffraction-from-hydrated-macromolecular-crystals-using-laser-driven-x"
content_type: "clinical_feed_article"
specialty: "Radiology"
source_name: "bioRxiv (Biomedical Preprints)"
source_url: "https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.10.19.760121v1?rss=1"
published_at: "2026-10-22T12:00:00.000Z"
evidence_level: "Verified Feed"
license: "CC-BY-NC-4.0 / Informational Use"
---
# X-ray diffraction of hydrated macromolecular crystals using a laser-driven X-ray source
## Provenance & Clinical Metadata
- **Canonical URL:** https://medichelpline.com/clinical-feed/biorxiv-23-x-ray-diffraction-from-hydrated-macromolecular-crystals-using-laser-driven-x
- **Specialty:** [Radiology](https://medichelpline.com/clinical-feed/radiology.md)
- **Primary Source:** bioRxiv (Biomedical Preprints)
- **Source URL:** [Original Journal Publication](https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.10.19.760121v1?rss=1)
- **Published At:** 2026-10-22T12:00:00.000Z
- **Evidence Rating:** Verified Feed
## Executive GIST (TL;DR)
- Investigators recorded X-ray diffraction from **Z-DNA** crystals using a **laser-driven X-ray source** based on a copper emission line (reported as Cu Ka, lambda = 1.54 Å). - The team tested two mounting approaches: crystals grown inside a custom sample holder that preserved the hydrated crystallization environment for in situ measurements, and crystals grown by hanging-drop vapour diffusion then loop-mounted for conventional diffraction. - Data indicated well-defined Bragg reflections extending to approximately 2.5 Å resolution in exposures lasting 1–3 minutes at the sample. - Photon flux at the sample was reported as approximately 2.2 x 10^5 photons/s; the authors compared acquisition time and diffraction quality favorably with earlier laser-driven X-ray demonstrations for macromolecular crystals. - The study emphasizes a compact, laboratory-scale pathway for ultrafast structural dynamics studies and positions modern compact sources as a foundation for future laboratory-scale time-resolved crystallography. - The source did not report detailed experimental parameters such as pulse structure, precise dose delivered to crystals, or full data-processing statistics in the abstract; those specifics would need checking in the full text or supplementary material.
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Krishna Prasad Khakurel Extreme Light Infrastructure * [Find this author on Google Scholar](https://www.biorxiv.org/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&gs_type=author&author%5B0%5D=Krishna%2BPrasad%2BKhakurel%2B "Open in new tab") * [Find this author on PubMed](https://www.biorxiv.org/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Khakurel%20KP&link_type=AUTHORSEARCH "Open in new tab") * [Search for this author on this site](https://www.biorxiv.org/search/author1%3AKrishna%2BPrasad%2BKhakurel%2B) * [ORCID record for Krishna Prasad Khakurel](http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5974-8302 "Open in new tab") * For correspondence: krishna.khakurel@eli-laser.eu * [Abstract](https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.10.19.760121v1)[](https://www.biorxiv.org/panels_ajax_tab/biorxiv_tab_art/node:5891820/1) * [Info/History](https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.10.19.760121v1.article-info)[](https://www.biorxiv.org/panels_ajax_tab/biorxiv_tab_info/node:5891820/1) * [Metrics](https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.10.19.760121v1.article-metrics)[](https://www.biorxiv.org/panels_ajax_tab/article_tab_metrics/node:5891820/1) * [Supplementary material](https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.10.19.760121v1.supplementary-material)[](https://www.biorxiv.org/panels_ajax_tab/biorxiv_tab_data/node:5891820/1) * [ Preview PDF](https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.10.19.760121v1.full.pdf+html)[](https://www.biorxiv.org/panels_ajax_tab/biorxiv_tab_pdf/node:5891820/1) ![Loading](https://www.biorxiv.org/sites/all/modules/contrib/panels_ajax_tab/images/loading.gif) ## Abstract Laser-driven X-ray sources offer a compact route towards laboratory-scale ultrafast structural dynamics. However, due to the low photon flux available from laboratory scale sources, and the weak diffraction signal from biological specimens, their application to such samples remains challenging. Here, we demonstrate X-ray diffraction from Z-DNA crystals using a laser-driven Cu Ka source (lambda = 1.54 Angstroms). Crystals were grown either directly in a custom-designed sample holder, which preserved the hydrated crystallisation environment and allowed in situ diffraction measurements, or using the hanging-drop vapour-diffusion method, followed by loop mounting for diffraction measurements. Well-defined Bragg reflections extending to approximately 2.5 Angstroms resolution were recorded in 1--3 min exposures at a photon flux of approximately 2.2 x 10^5 photons/s at the sample. The acquisition time and diffraction quality compare favourably with earlier demonstrations of macromolecular crystal diffraction using laser-driven X ray sources. These results demonstrate the potential of modern compact laser-driven X-ray sources for structural studies of macromolecular crystals and provide a basis for their future application to laboratory-scale time-resolved crystallography. ### Competing Interest Statement The authors have declared no competing interest. Copyright The copyright holder for this preprint is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. All rights reserved. No reuse allowed without permission. bioRxiv and medRxiv thank the following for their generous financial support: > The Chan Zuckerberg Initiative, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, the Sergey Brin Family Foundation, California Institute of Technology, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Imperial College London, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, The University of Edinburgh, University of Washington, and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam. 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