Dual immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) targeting cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen-4 (CTLA-4) and programmed cell death-1 (PD-1) or its ligand (PD-L1) have reshaped the treatment landscape of unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, their clinical uptake remains limited by the high incidence of severe immune-related adverse events (irAEs), underscoring the urgent need for effective prophylactic strategies. Corticosteroids are traditionally viewed as antagonistic to antitumour immunity and have long been prohibited from prophylactic use in ICI-only regimens.
Dual immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) targeting cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen-4 (CTLA-4) and programmed cell death-1 (PD-1) or its ligand (PD-L1) have reshaped the treatment landscape of unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, their clinical uptake remains limited by the high incidence of severe immune-related adverse events (irAEs), underscoring the urgent need for effective prophylactic strategies. Corticosteroids are traditionally viewed as antagonistic to antitumour immunity and have long been prohibited from prophylactic use in ICI-only regimens.