by Hongjun Park, Beechui Koo, Jungwook Shin, Byoung Hyuck Kim, James J. Sohn Approximately one-third of US adults have tattoos, yet the dosimetric impact of intradermal tattoo pigments during radiation therapy remains uncharacterized.
Commercial tattoo inks contain unregulated metallic impurities including chromium, lead, and nickel, raising concerns about dose perturbations in tattooed skin. This work quantifies radiation dose perturbations induced by high-atomic-number (Z) tattoo pigments under clinically relevant radiotherapy conditions.
Monte Carlo simulations (TOPAS) modeled layered skin phantoms with a 0.3-mm intradermal tattoo layer embedded at 1.25–1.55 mm depth. Three commercial inks were evaluated: carbon-based (black) and metal-containing (Fe-rich brown, Al-containing orange) at pigment loadings of 5–100 vol% within the tattoo layer, to establish upper-bound effects.
Electron (6, 18 MeV) and photon (6, 18 MV) beams were simulated with standard clinical geometry (1 × 1 cm² field, SSD = 100 cm). Photon irradiation produced pronounced, depth-localized dose enhancement, with peak dose enhancement factor (DEF) reaching 2.5 for brown ink at 18 MV, a 62% mean increase relative to non-tattooed skin driven by high-Z–mediated secondary electron production.
PLOS ONE (Medicine) published a clinical update in Research Highlights on 02 Apr 2026.
The item focuses on An overlooked source of skin dose perturbation: Commercial tattoo inks in radiotherapy.
Review the original article for the full source wording and details.