Spatial and circulating multi-omics of pig-to-human extracorporeal liver cross-circulation reveals an early innate immune response, species-specific complement dynamics and xenograft–platelet interactions, while showing preserved metabolic support even after removal of the native liver. Von Willebrand factor, endothelium, hepatocytes, and resident and infiltrating immune cells were implicated in xenograft-associated thrombocytopenia. Shaked, A. et al. Extracorporeal liver cross-circulation using transgenic xenogeneic pig livers with brain-dead human decedents. Nat. Med. 32 , 1034–1044 (2026). This paper reports the clinical procedures and primary findings from the five ELC experiments included in the present study. Schmauch, E. et al. Multi-omics analysis of a pig-to-human decedent kidney xenotransplant. Nature 650 , 205–217 (2026). This paper reports the multi-omics analysis of a pig-to-human kidney xenotransplantation procedure; the methodological framework used in the present study was partly inspired by this work. Tao, K.-S. et al. Gene-modified pig-to-human liver xenotransplantation. Nature 641 , 1029–1036 (2025). This paper describes the first reported pig-to-human liver xenotransplantation performed in a human decedent recipient. Zhang, W. et al. Genetically engineered pig-to-human liver xenotransplantation. J. Hepatol. 84 , 587–598 (2026).
Spatial and circulating multi-omics of pig-to-human extracorporeal liver cross-circulation reveals an early innate immune response, species-specific complement dynamics and xenograft–platelet interactions, while showing preserved metabolic support even after removal of the native liver. Von Willebrand factor, endothelium, hepatocytes, and resident and infiltrating immune cells were implicated in xenograft-associated thrombocytopenia.
Shaked, A. et al. Extracorporeal liver cross-circulation using transgenic xenogeneic pig livers with brain-dead human decedents. Nat. Med. 32 , 1034–1044 (2026). This paper reports the clinical procedures and primary findings from the five ELC experiments included in the present study.
Schmauch, E. et al. Multi-omics analysis of a pig-to-human decedent kidney xenotransplant. Nature 650 , 205–217 (2026). This paper reports the multi-omics analysis of a pig-to-human kidney xenotransplantation procedure; the methodological framework used in the present study was partly inspired by this work.
Tao, K.-S. et al. Gene-modified pig-to-human liver xenotransplantation. Nature 641 , 1029–1036 (2025). This paper describes the first reported pig-to-human liver xenotransplantation performed in a human decedent recipient.
Zhang, W. et al. Genetically engineered pig-to-human liver xenotransplantation. J. Hepatol. 84 , 587–598 (2026). This paper describes the first pig-to-living-human liver xenotransplantation.
Pullen, L. C. Extracorporeal liver support with a porcine liver: the United States Food and Drug Administration approves the first trial. Am. J. Transplant. 26 , 1589–1591 (2025). This news report describes the development of ELC from decedent studies to a phase 1 clinical trial in patients with ACLF stage II–IIIa.
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This is a summary of: Guo, Q. et al. Longitudinal multiomics profiling of extracorporeal cross-circulation with pig liver xenografts in human decedents. Nat. Med . https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-026-04511-6 (2026).
Multi-omics maps human–pig interactions in extracorporeal liver cross-circulation. Nat Med (2026). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-026-04515-2