Immune-competent new approach methodologies for a hybrid future

In a shifting regulatory landscape that increasingly favors organ-on-chip and human cell-based systems, embedding immune complexity is essential to advance new approach methodologies beyond reductionist models and toward a hybrid ecosystem that integrates animal studies. Access to this article via Institution of Civil Engineers Library is not available.

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This work was supported by NIH grants R01 DE031488 (J.C.D.), 5R35GM146900 (M.T.) and R01NS133965 (D.-H.K.); OCRA grant ECIG-2024-3-1556 (J.C.D.); and Breakthrough T1D (formerly JDRF) grants 2-SRA-2022-1253-S-B (J.C.D.) and 3-SRA-2026-1803-S-B (J.C.D.).